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Fresno (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/) is a major city in the San Joaquin Valley of California, United States. It is the county seat of Fresno County and the largest city in the greater Central Valley region. It covers about 115 square miles (300 km2) and had a population of 542,107 in 2020, making it the fifth-most populous city in California, the most populous inland city in California, and the 34th-most populous city in the nation. The Metro population of Fresno is 1,008,654 as of 2022.

Named for the abundant ash trees lining the San Joaquin River, Fresno was founded in 1872 as a railway station of the Central Pacific Railroad before it was incorporated in 1885. It has since become an economic hub of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley, with much of the surrounding areas in the Metropolitan Fresno region predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production. Fresno is near the geographic center of California, approximately 220 miles (350 km) north of Los Angeles, 170 miles (270 km) south of the state capital, Sacramento, and 185 miles (300 km) southeast of San Francisco. Yosemite National Park is about 60 miles (100 km) to the north, Kings Canyon National Park 60 miles (100 km) to the east, and Sequoia National Park 75 miles (120 km) to the southeast.

Fresno is also the third-largest majority-Hispanic city in the United States; 50.5% of its population was Hispanic in 2020. Since 2010, statewide droughts in California have further strained both Fresno's and the entire Central Valley's water security.

Ningxia Hui Autonomous region, referred to as Ning, is one of China's five autonomous regions, the capital of Yinchuan. It is located in the inland area of northwest China, bounded by latitude 35 °14 & # 39 in north latitude and longitude 104o 17 & # 39 in east longitude, bordering Shaanxi in the east, Inner Mongolia in the west and Inner Mongolia in the north and Gansu in the south. Ningxia Hui Autonomous region has a total area of 66400 square kilometers. The topography of Ningxia is gradually inclined from southwest to northeast, with numerous hills and gullies. The topography is divided into three major plates: the Yellow River diversion irrigation area in the north, the arid zone in the middle and the mountain area in the south. Ningxia is located in the Yellow River system, the terrain is high in the south and low in the north, showing a ladder-like decline, the whole region belongs to temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate. By the end of 2018, Ningxia Hui Autonomous region had jurisdiction over 5 prefecture-level cities, 9 municipal districts,
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