Although Meng Yuan is strong and is a good player in the country, he does not have good genes to sit in the country. From Kublai Khan to the establishment of Dayuan in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271), less than a hundred years later, many peasant uprisings broke out in various places in the Zhizheng tenth year of Yuan Huizong (1350). One of them was initiated by the White Lotus Sect, but in the end it was taken over by Zhu Yuanzhang and became a climate. Zhu Yuanzhang first grew up in the south, and after gaining momentum, he started the Northern Expedition in the twenty-seventh year of Zhizheng (1367). In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne in Yingtianfu (now Nanjing) as Emperor Gao, with the country name Daming and the reign name Hongwu. At that time, general Xu Da attacked the city of Dadu, Yuan Huizong opened the back door and fled without a fight. Zhu Yuanzhang believed that Yuan Huizong did not fight against the heavenly army, and fled north to Shangdu in time. From the founding of the country in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty to the loss of Dadu in the 28th year of the Zhengzheng Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty, it took only 97 years in total. From Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan to Yuan Huizong Tuohuan Timur, a total of eleven Mongolians have been emperors. The Yuan Dynasty was the largest period in China's history at that time, and its culture also developed greatly, and overseas trade flourished. However, the awareness of the royal family's integration into the Han nationality was not implemented by the nobles, which led to its downfall in less than a hundred years. It was a short-lived dynasty in Chinese history.
After Xu Da took over Yuan Dadu, he inspected the occupied area and found that the northern city was quite barren, so there was nothing to worry about. He decided to build a new north city wall from Chongrenmen (Dongzhimen) to Heyimen (Xizhimen) to defend the inner city of the Yuan army, which was also counted as the inner city wall on the north side. Not only was the north city wall newly built, Xu Da also built bricks on the outside of the rammed earth on the four walls of the inner city to strengthen the defense of the city wall. Before the Ming Dynasty, most of the city walls were earthen walls. Since the Ming Dynasty, the earthen walls were covered with bricks. The famous ancient city of Pingyao in Shanxi is also built with brick walls of the Ming Dynasty. The best preserved ancient city wall is Xi'an, which was also built with bricks of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang renamed Yuan Dadu to Beiping Mansion, and he himself was emperor in Nanjing all his life. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang passed away and was buried in Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing, with the temple name Taizu. Zhu Yuanzhang's eldest son died early, so he passed the throne to his eldest grandson Zhu Yunwen, who was Huizong, also known as Emperor Jianwen because of his reign name Jianwen. When Emperor Jianwen came to power, he cut down the vassals and demoted a group of kings named by Zhu Yuanzhang. When it was King Yan's turn to cut Zhu Di, Zhu Di quit, and he led his troops to the capital on the pretext of being "on the side of the Qing emperor". After Zhu Di captured the capital, Emperor Jianwen lost contact. Of course, Zhu Di pulled the dragon chair that had been roasted by the fire and sat on it. After Zhu Di sat down, he changed his year name and became Emperor Yongle. This was the first year of Yongle (1402). In the third year of Yongle, Zhu Di changed the name of Beiping to Beijing.
Although Zhu Di ascended the throne, he felt that he was surrounded by Emperor Jianwen's minions, and that even though Emperor Jianwen lost contact, his ghost still lingered. There is no way, Zhu Di built a factory called "East Factory". The products manufactured by the East Factory are cases, and it seems that they often create unjust cases, and it does not solve Zhu Di's neurasthenia problem of not sleeping well at night. Therefore, Zhu Di began planning to move the capital to Beijing in the fourth year of Yongle. Why move the capital to Beijing? Since Zhu Yuanzhang granted Zhu Di the King of Yan in the third year of Hongwu, and established a feudal domain in Beiping in the thirteenth year of Hongwu, Zhu Di has been operating in Beiping for decades. His family members and relatives have all developed mansions in Beiping, and he has many party members in Beiping, and the local area is also controlled by cronies, which is very conducive to consolidating his position.
There is also an oral unofficial history that said that when Zhu Di was named King of Yan, before leaving Nanjing for Beiping, the expert Liu Bowen instructed him to go to Tanzhe Temple to find another expert, Yao Guangxiao, and asked him to assist the King of Yan. When Zhu Di arrived in Peiping, he actually visited Yao Guangxiao who was waiting for him every day to ring the bell in Tanzhe Temple. Beiping is located at the foot of the mountain. Later generations changed the name of the unnamed highland to Dingdu Peak. In recent years, in order to develop tourism, a building was built on the top of the mountain, called Dingdu Pavilion. This is the one below.
This is completely made up. Yao Guangxiao became a monk in the south of the Yangtze River when he was young, and later learned Yin and Yang from Taoism. When Zhu Yuanzhang selected monks and officials, he was selected from the south of the Yangtze River as a monk who understood Confucianism. Later, he was appointed by Zhu Yuanzhang to go to Peiping with Zhu Di, and sooner or later he would chant sutras for Empress Ma who died young. Yao Guangxiao didn't live in Tanzhe Temple at all when he was in Beijing, it was too far away from Zhu Di's Yanwang Mansion. He lived in Qingshou Temple, a famous temple in Jinyuan, and served as the abbot. Qingshou Temple is located on the west side of the current Telegraph Building. The original twin towers were demolished when Chang'an Avenue was expanded. Yao Guangxiao must have played a role in Zhu Di moving his capital to Beiping, but it was not in the so-called Dingdu Peak, but in the Yanwang Mansion where Yao Guangxiao often went.
When Zhu Di established Beijing as his capital, the city wall of Beijing was built by Xu Da during the Hongwu period. The north wall shrinks to the south, and there are still only two city gates, the Anding Gate facing Anzhen Gate in the east, and the Desheng Gate facing Jiande Gate in the west.
In 1915, the national government built the Jingshi Ring Railway, which started from Xizhimen along the north city wall and walked along the north city wall to Deshengmen, Andingmen, Dongzhimen, Chaoyangmen and Dongbianmen to connect the Beijing-Fengmen Railway. It was demolished in 1971. Andingmen and Deshengmen were partly demolished during the construction of the Ring Railway. The Andingmen Archery Tower was demolished when the city wall was demolished in 1956, and the Andingmen Gate Tower was demolished when the Ring Metro was built in 1969, and Andingmen has disappeared now. In the past, Andingmen Gate was the gate for the victorious army to return to the city. On weekdays, the excrement truck was used. At that time, Beijing's excrement and urine center was outside Andingmen Gate. Now it has moved to the Xiaocun Bridge on the South Fourth Ring Road. Once you reach Xiaocun Bridge The strong smell of the center will be smelled nearby.
The tower of Deshengmen Gate was demolished in 1921. In 1980, the Deshengmen Archery Tower and a section of the urn wall were repaired once, and what you see now is still the archery tower of the Ming Dynasty. The bricks, tiles, and wooden structures that can be seen are all new, and only the rammed earth in the flesh is still from the Ming Dynasty.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the eleven city gates in Beijing were archery towers and gate towers together. During the Huizong period at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, in order to prevent the peasant army from easily attacking the city, Emperor Yuan Shun reinforced the surrounding walls and built urns at each city gate. As a result, Emperor Yuan Shun did not make full use of these strong fortifications, and retreated without a fight. When Xu Da built the inner city wall, he followed the form of Yuancheng gate and still built the urn city.
Look at the arrow tower that has been re-oiled in recent years, it is very beautiful.
The small house below is the Guandi Temple in the old barn.
There is a temple in the urn city of Beijing's inner city gate. This temple is the Guandi Temple, and only Andingmen is the Zhenwu Temple. When the Desheng Gate was repaired in 1980, although the entire Wengcheng was not restored, the Guandi Temple was rebuilt, and it is now an exhibition of ancient coins. The gate of Guandi Temple is now the gate of Deshengmen scenic spot. I ran into an expert from the cultural management office at the gate. We stood outside the gate and smoked a bag of cigarettes. He told me that the gate below was the original Ming Dynasty. When the Guandi Temple was demolished, it was finally preserved.
Go in and see Guandi Temple.
According to experts, when Deshengmen was repaired in 1980, the small temple was completely dilapidated, and the statue of Guan Gong inside was thrown outside the gate and lay on the ground. Forty years later, it is time for this small temple to be repaired again, and now the door is closed to thank visitors. Although it is a small temple, it has to be rebuilt as it was.
From the outside, the main hall is three rooms wide and two rooms deep, with a pagoda in front. The main hall is the top of the mountain with gray tiles and single eaves, and the Baosha is the top of the mountain with rolling sheds. This main hall is in the style of the Qing Dynasty, and it must have been rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty. The mountain flower plane formed by its front and rear vertical ridges is basically perpendicular to the ground, so the ridges are very long. There are usually eaves under the roofs of the Qing Dynasty, but there are no eaves here, so there must be eaves poles under the ridge.
There are auxiliary halls in the east and west of the main hall.
There is actually a bell and drum tower in front of the side hall, which is really small and complete. The Bell and Drum Tower here is too small, and the sound must not be transmitted far. Go to the side to climb the archery tower.
Don't look at the arc of the wall, it has nothing to do with the original urn city, just like an ear. This is the west side, and there is such an ear and eye on the east side. At the door stands the sign of the national key cultural relics protection unit, the sixth batch. There is a small courtyard next to it, which should be the barracks of the soldiers in the barracks in the old city.
Take a look at the hard mountain roof of the hut, which is one of the most common roofs of Beijing dwellings. Only carved brick tiles and dripping water can prove that this is an official house.
There should be horse paths in Deshengmen, but there are none here now. Climbing up the city wall, the first thing you see are two iron cannons.
In the early years, it was said that soldiers came here to set off cannons at noon every day. This is not because there are bandits attacking at noon every day, but because of time-telling cannons, and Xuanwumen in the south also fired such a cannon. The people in Nanbei City rely on the sound of cannons to keep time regardless of the brand of clocks and watches they have at home.
The archery towers of Beijing's inner city gates are almost all the same, and they all have this structure. It is a three-story building with double eaves on the top of the mountain. There is another floor between the double eaves on the top, and there are five three-story closed buildings behind it. Inside those gun holes were arrow crossbows at first, later fire blunderbusses, and mechanism blunderbusses. Although these weapons are not accurate enough, the enemy can't stand its saturation shooting, and the general siege gangs almost give up as soon as they see it.
He took off his hat and looked up at the eaves. The roof of the arrow tower is a bracket structure. The lower floor of the arrow tower and the roof of Baosha are beam structures.
When I went downstairs, I went to see the stele in front of Guandi Temple.
The writing on both sides of this monument has been wiped out, and a chessboard has been engraved on the front, indicating that it was laid down for board game equipment. The handwriting on both sides of the stele cap is still very clear. On the front, it reads "Reconstruction of the Temple of Gaodi", and on the back, it reads "Eternal Fragrance". The former Gaodi was Guan Gong. This is a monument of meritorious deeds erected in the 21st year of Jiaqing (1797) in the Qing Dynasty. This stele was rubbed by an expert before it was destroyed, and there are very clear rubbings.
There used to be a stele in the Deshengmen urn city, which was earlier than the merit stele above. In the thirteenth year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1748), there was a stele of Qianlong's imperial poems erected in the Deshengmen urn city. In the spring of the first year, Qianlong returned to the city from the Imperial Garden (whether it was Yuanmingyuan or Changchun Garden) and passed Deshengmen. After returning to the palace, he expressed his emotions and wrote a crooked poem. The level of Qianlong's poetry is considered to be excellent today, and it was probably on par with Xiangling in "A Dream of Red Mansions" at the time. This poem is engraved on the imperial poem stele in the urn city of Deshengmen, and an imperial stele pavilion was also built, which is also called Huang Pavilion. This yellow pavilion and the imperial poem stele inside have all been destroyed. Someone once saw the broken stone after the stele was smashed. It may be that Qianlong's poem is too special. It has not even left rubbings in its existence for more than 200 years. Of course, I have seen neither stele nor rubbings in Deshengmen.
The source of Deshengmen should be that the ancients respected one virtue and one virtue, "there is much help for those who get the right way, and few help for those who lose the way". The Ming army claimed to be a "teacher of morality", and when they went out to fight, they shouted "The teacher of morality will win", and then walked out of the city through the gate.
There used to be a gate building on the east and west sides outside the city gate, which was the driver's cab for operating the suspension bridge on the moat. It was demolished when the ring railway was built. The moat outside the arrow tower is still there.
After crossing the suspension bridge, you are really out of the city. After you leave the city, you have to turn around and say goodbye to your parents and folks. The Ming army didn’t have a military song back then, so they must have sung Xin Qiji’s song not long ago when they set off in line, "Swear to yourself with a corpse wrapped in horse leather, and the moth's eyebrows cut down on sex and rest." Just walk through the road below, and it is still the old stone of the past.
To the west of Deshengmen is a city gate in the northwest corner of the inner city. It was called Heyimen in Yuan Dynasty, and it was renamed Xizhimen after Zhu Di established his capital in Beijing. Xizhimen is the water gate, through which the water of the capital enters the city, and then pours into the Jishuitan. The water used by the palace also enters the city from here, and the water takes a car from Yuquan Mountain to the palace every day.
From Xizhimen to the south is Pingzemen in Yuan Dynasty. "Ping Ze" means "the rule is fair". In the past, the Mongols didn’t even have writing, not to mention laws. Genghis Khan created Mongolian characters with the help of stones from other mountains, and called his orders "big decrees" called "Great Kongsa". The laws of the Yuan Dynasty were a mess, with the content of Tang law and the form of Song law. Kublai Khan named this gate Ping Ze, indicating his pursuit of establishing a formal legal system.
Even if some of the city gates that have been demolished in Beijing have been repaired and restored, they all lack a very important part, that is, the gate plaque, and there is no gate plaque on the Deshengmen archery tower above. These door plaques are all lost, only the stone carved door plaque of Pingzemen has been preserved. Now the Wuta Temple in the north of the zoo is the one below.
You can also see that the inscription on it is "Hongwu Six Years". It was not until the fourth year of Zhengtong (1439) that Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen changed Pingzemen to Fuchengmen. This "Fu" should be pronounced the fourth tone, but it is pronounced the third tone in Beijing dialect. Fucheng comes from "Shangshu Zhouguan" "the six ministers divide their duties, each leads its subordinates, in order to advocate nine herdsmen, and Fucheng Zhaomin". It means to make the people rich and stable. Fuchengmen is the gate for coal transportation, and the coal produced in Mentougou in the west of Beijing usually enters the city through this gate.
These refer to the gates on the west wall of the inner city, and there are also gates on the east wall. Starting from the north, the first one is Dongzhimen facing Xizhimen. Dongzhimen was called Chongrenmen in the Yuan Dynasty, and it was renamed Dongzhimen in the 17th year of Yongle after Zhu Di established his capital in Beijing. The demolition began in 1915 when the railway around the city was being built, and almost all of it was demolished in 1958. There used to be many brick and tile factories outside Dongzhimen, and the timber shipped from the south also went here to enter the city. Therefore, in ancient Dongzhimen, building materials were used. Now there is a big building materials city near Dongzhimen.
The meaning of Dongzhimen and Xizhimen is unclear. Some people say that it is called Dongzhimen and Xizhimen because of the vastness of the Ming Dynasty, which leads directly to the East China Sea in the east and Kunlun in the west. There is no textual research on this statement, and it cannot even be used as a reference.
Down from Dongzhi Gate is Chaoyang Gate, which is a very important gate. In ancient times, it was used for food and grass, including the five buckets of rice salary for officials. Now some place names in Chaoyangmen also have words such as Haiyuncang and Lumicang, these are the granaries of that year. Chaoyang Gate was called Qihua Gate in the Yuan Dynasty, and it was renamed Chaoyang Gate after the nine gates of the inner city were rebuilt during the Zhengtong period of the Ming Dynasty. Chaoyang Gate got its name because it faces the direction where the sun rises. When I was visiting Spain, I saw a Plaza del Sol in Madrid, which was the Puerta del Sol in Madrid in the past, and it was also named because it faced the rising direction of the sun. The royal palaces of France and Italy all have king suites. The windows of the king's bedroom inside are all facing east, and they are in the middle of the second floor of the palace.
Zhu Di established his capital in Beijing and built the imperial palace. At this time, he found that the new imperial palace was too close to the south city wall. In the 15th year of Yongle, he began to relocate the south city wall again, and moved this section of the city wall from the south line of Chang'an Avenue to the current location. Shunchengmen, Lizhengmen and Wenmingmen were moved from west to east in Nanyuan, the capital of Yuan Dynasty, and then renamed Xuanwumen, Zhengyangmen and Chongwenmen. In the Yuan Dynasty, the city wall from Shunchengmen to Lizhengmen was not a straight line, but protruded outwards, because it wanted to enclose the Qingshou Temple in Xidan. Why do you want to ask? That's because Kublai Khan wanted to keep Qingshou Temple for the later Yao Guangxiao to live in.
It depends on the door on the south wall of the inner city, and listen to the next chapter to explain it.
