Emperor Zhu Di of Yongle, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, moved his capital from Nanjing to Beijing and built a new palace in Beijing. This palace was completely copied and pasted according to the Nanjing Palace. The Ming Palace in Beijing is now the Palace Museum. The Ming Dynasty Palace in Nanjing had the Palace first, and then the Imperial City. The Ming Dynasty Palace and the Imperial City in Beijing were built together. There are also palace gardens on the east and west sides of the imperial palace in the imperial city of Beijing. This is also in accordance with the regulations of the Nanjing Ming Palace. These two palaces are called Xiyuan and Dongyuan. Xiyuan is now Zhongnanhai, and Dongyuan no longer exists.
Xiyuan is a place for the emperor to play, and there is water in it, which is huge. There is no water in Dongyuan, and the emperor relaxes in it. At the beginning of Dongyuan, there was a Hongqing Palace, also called Nangong, which was built by Zhu Di to be the palace of the crown prince. I don't know if Zhu Gaochi, Zhu Di's son, lived here. In fact, it was originally lived here for Zhu Zhanji, Zhu Di's grandson, so it should be called the Emperor's Grandson Palace. Because this Nangong is the uterus of the crown prince, it is also called Chonghua Palace, which is taken from the "Shu Shun Dian" "This Shun can succeed Yao, and he emphasizes the brilliance of his culture and virtue". Chonghua's "heavy" means heavy weight, not repeated weight. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty followed this idea and called it Chonghua Palace after the reconstruction of the West Second Palace where he lived when he was the prince.
According to the records of the official history and the unofficial history, after Zhu Zhanji, the son of Zhu Gaochi, Zhu Qizhen, the orthodox emperor of Ming Yingzong, the grandson of Zhu Gaochi, did indeed live in this Nangong. In the 14th year of Zhengtong (AD 1449), Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty personally conquered the Oala tribe of Mongolia. A country cannot be without a king for a day. Zhu Qizhen's half-brother Zhu Qiyu was entrusted with the important task of emperor. A year later, the Oirats released Zhu Qizhen free of charge. His younger brother Zhu Qiyu was very unhappy to see his elder brother coming back, and said to the ministers, "You appointed me to be the emperor, and he can only be the Supreme Emperor when he comes back." After saying that, he shut Zhu Qizhen into the Nangong of Dongyuan. It is said that the walls and doors were closed tightly, so a small hole was left to send food in. The hole was so small that noodles could only be slipped in one by one, and steamed buns had to be broken into pieces and stuffed in. " This is where the term "slag" comes from. Seven years later, in the eighth year of Jingtai (AD 1457), Zhu Qiyu suffered a stroke and fell on the bed. Surrounded by the old ministries, Zhu Qizhen launched the Nangong Change to re-enter the Hall of Supreme Harmony and returned to the Ming Yingzong throne. After Ming Yingzong returned to the palace, he exiled Ming Dynasty Zong to Xiyuan. Within two months, Ming Dynasty Zong Zhu Qiyu died. Zhu Qiyu failed to be buried in the Tianshou Mountain Imperial Tomb in Changping, but went to the Jinshan Pass of Yuquan Mountain and built a royal tomb there.
After several generations, it was Zhu Houcong's turn to be the Jiajing Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He likes alchemy, so he wanted to find a clean place outside the palace to secretly practice alchemy. The treacherous official Yan Song slandered that Nangong was clean, and the Emperor Jiajing saw that Yan Song asked him to go to the unlucky place where his ancestors were imprisoned, so he became wary of Yan Song from then on. Finally, someone was found to report Yan Song's violation of law and discipline, and Yan Song was dealt with.
During the Ming Dynasty, since Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty lived there in distress, Nangong has not been seen by the Emperor Ming of the Ming Dynasty, and has been depressed. In addition to the Nangong, Dongyuan also has an imperial history hall built during the Jiajing period. It is a masonry structure hall with a beamless arched roof. The royal historical materials were stored in the Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng, the Chuang Wang, invaded Beijing and occupied the imperial palace, where he worked in the Wuying Hall. After a few days, the office couldn't continue. He set fire to the imperial city, and then ran west. One of the many fires was set in Dongyuan, and Dongyuan was destroyed.
When the Qing army entered the pass, Dorgon escorted Shunzhi Emperor Fulin and Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang into the palace to stay. At this time, Fulin was still young, so the queen mother asked Dorgon to take pictures of the government first. The regent Dorgon has a famous name, Prince Rui. In order to facilitate the regent and visit Xiaozhuang's mother and son in the palace, Dorgon led his own soldiers to clean up the fire scene in Dongyuan Nangong, built his Prince Rui's Mansion on the ruins of Nangong, and rebuilt the main hall where Ming Yingzong slept in Nangong. Made a bedroom. In the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650 A.D.), Dorgon led his troops out of Gubeikou to fight wild boars on the dam. Unfortunately, he was injured and died. They said that Dorgon fell off his horse and died, but according to secret reports, it was actually a guard who shot Dorgon's heel and died. At the beginning, Shunzhi was okay with Dorgon's death, and he was named Emperor Chengjing, and he was posthumously named Qing Chengzong. But not long after, someone reported Dorgon's many crimes of treason with his real name. Shunzhi recovered his mingjue, dug his grave and dumped his body. Of course, Prince Rui's Mansion was also confiscated. During the Kangxi period, the abandoned Prince Rui's Mansion was rebuilt into a Lama Temple. Until one hundred years later, in the forty-three years of Qianlong (1778 A.D.), Emperor Qianlong completely rehabilitated Dorgon and rebuilt the former Lama Temple of Prince Rui's Mansion into Pudu Temple.
Although Xiyuan was rebuilt in Qing Dynasty, Dongyuan was not rebuilt. After Dorgon's Prince Rui's Mansion, Dongyuan became the royal warehouse of the Qing Dynasty. In addition to the archives Huangshicheng used from the Ming Dynasty, silk warehouses, lantern warehouses, and porcelain warehouses were also built. In the Qing Dynasty, Dongyuan retained the Emperor Shicheng of the Ming Dynasty, and Nangong was rebuilt into Pudu Temple. In the early Qing Dynasty, a small temple was built on the east side of Huangshicheng, called Pusheng Temple. In Pusheng Temple, there are only two horizontal merit steles in Beijing, which are extremely rare. One is the stele built by Shunzhi, and the other is the stele rebuilt by Qianlong, which is now the Wuta Temple in the north of the zoo. Why is it in Wuta Temple? Because the Pusheng Temple no longer exists, it was rebuilt into the current European and American Scholars Association in 1915.
Dongyuan in the Ming Dynasty gradually withered in the Qing Dynasty and became a royal treasury. During the period of the Republic of China, officials from all walks of life entered and occupied houses. In the Republic of China, all the senior officials lived in various palaces in the Qing Dynasty, and the minor officials found their own residences in various places in the city. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, these officials of the Republic of China went where they should go, and their residences were also seized. In Dongyuan in the Ming Dynasty, some army chiefs and local leaders came to live here. Now, when you walk on Nanchizi Street, you can see some courtyards with garages, but those are not ordinary people’s houses. In recent years, the Pudu Temple has been repaired to a certain extent, and now it is reopened, and the surrounding residents are allowed to play with their children for free, and the mothers sit under the trees to knit sweaters. I went in and took a look last time, and the mountain gate and the main hall are still there. When there is an exhibition in the main hall, it can be opened for people to go in and visit. The main hall was rebuilt after Qianlong rehabilitated Dorgon, and it was still in the style of the Qing Dynasty. The mountain gate was built during the Kangxi period, and it is similar to other small temples in the Qing Dynasty in the capital, such as the Songzhu Temple on the North Street of the Red House of Peking University.
The urban structure of ancient China originated from the Lifang system in the Xia and Shang Dynasties. Chang'an City reached its peak in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it can still be seen in some ancient villages in Shanxi. Later, the urban layout in the Northern Song Dynasty evolved from the Lifang system to the Street and Lane system, which has been used to this day. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the streets and alleys were still preserved and repaired. You can refer to the Three Lanes and Seven Alleys in Fuzhou, which I once visited. The old Beijing city is a classic layout of streets and alleys, and the Ming Dynasty Dongyuan outside Donghua Gate is of course no exception. Even though there were renovations in the Qing Dynasty, random constructions in the Republic of China, and the random construction in recent decades, you can still see the shadows of the streets and alleys of the old Beijing city. Alleys in Beijing are also called alleys. Place names such as Nanchizi Street, Pudusiqian Alley, Duanku Hutong, and Ciqiku Hutong can be seen in the area outside Donghuamen, including streets and alleys. The south end of Nanchizi Street is East Chang'an Avenue, and there used to be an East Gate of Chang'an on Chang'an Avenue on the west side of the intersection. On the west side of the Forbidden City and on the east side of the intersection of Nanchang Street is the West Gate of Chang'an. The name of Chang’an Avenue comes from these two Chang’an Gates, which were demolished in the 1950s. In the documentary “Founding Ceremony”, you can still see the images of the troops who participated in the military parade passing through the East Gate of Chang’an.
Get off at Tiananmen East Station of Metro Line 1, and walk north along Nanchizi Street to the Dongyuan in the Ming Dynasty. You can see the street sign of Pudu Temple Front Lane on the east side of the road, and you can visit Pudu Temple after entering. Then go north, you can see the street sign of Pudu Temple West Lane on the east side of the road. When you walk into this alley and turn north at the end, you can see a small wall-mounted gate on the west wall.
This is the "Nanchizi Art Museum" that I am going to visit today. It is hidden deep in the downtown area, hidden in the city. This art gallery has also been rebuilt in recent years. Like the main hall of Pudu Temple next to it, it is not open at ordinary times, but only when there are exhibitions. What is currently being held inside is "Days of Heaven: Taixiangzhou Ink Painting Exhibition", which will end on September 20. The small door above is never open. If you get a reservation ticket for the art exhibition, you can go up and ring the doorbell, and the door will open, and a beautiful woman will appear inside the door. The stone door frame of the brick door, the brass leaf of the checkerboard door leaf, and the old-fashioned door knocker are low-key and simple. There is no door pier, which means that this is only a side door, not a gate. On the door lintel is engraved with "a certain stream", the character is really unclear, it may represent the surname of the Zhuang family, and I don't want to make it public. The word "jian" means that there is water in it, don't think about it, the water inside is definitely not the "pool" in Nanchizi.
Go in and take a look, and you can see all the scenery in the garden at a glance. There is a pool of clear water in the garden. According to the ancient saying that a circle is a pool and a square is a marsh, this should be called a fish marsh. According to the shape of Beijing courtyard, several houses were built around Uonuma.
In the north is the main building, in the east there are wing rooms and in the west there are corridors, and in the south there is an inverted house. From the front of the north house, it is three rooms wide and one room deep. There are four partition doors in the open room, and sill walls and partition windows in the east and west. There is an eaves porch in front, and under the porch columns and archways is a hollowed-out woodcut sparrow without cloud pier. On the top is the hard top of the gray tile rolling shed with a beam lifting structure. You can see that there is also a gray tile single-eave Xieshan top behind, with a Qing-style owl kiss. There is a small white stone platform facing the water in front of the house, with a circle of wooden Zen stick railings. The columns, squares, and beams are all painted with black paint, which is very telling. The main room of this main house is very large, much larger than the private houses, but not as large as the main room of the palace; the black paint of the pillars is different from the red paint of the royal family and the green paint of the palace. It shows that the owner of this yard should be lower than the provincial and ministerial level, which was roughly equivalent to the Daotai magistrate in the Qing Dynasty.
Go into the North Room.
It turns out that this is an inner and outer room, separated by a shrine in the middle, and separated by moon doors on both sides of the shrine. Look over the front house.
The beam-lifting structure is completely exposed, a voucher. Look at the back room again.
On it is the smallpox of Pingqi, the white board has no picture, neither cranes nor peonies. The above should be the one-coupon single-eave gable top seen from the outside, then the inner and outer houses should be double-coupon hook-up roofs.
The main room is the main hall of this exhibition. On the north wall is a set of eight screens "Parallel Universe No. 3", which is relatively rare, and four screens are common. On the back of the shrine is the title picture of this exhibition, "Tian Dao You Ming".
The shrine and the moon gate are covered with auspicious woodcuts. Take a look at the woodcuts on the side of the shrine below.
There are five magpies on the plum blossom tree, which is called "Happy Eyebrows", which is extremely auspicious.
There is a side room on the east side of the main house, where there are staff. I don't know if the artist himself is inside, but he can come forward in the main room at any time, discuss painting skills with the audience, and talk about the universe of ink and wash.
After leaving the north house, you can walk and swing along the corridor on the right.
Look inside and outside the West Corridor.
Only after leaving the north house door, I entered the west corridor again. If you have to buy wine under the west corridor, wait for the moon cup to travel more than ten thousand, and give the towel and staff to the gods.
There is a partition window facing inward in the corridor, please enjoy the scenery.
There are frosted glass windows facing outside to prevent thieves from peeping.
There are bananas, apples, pears, and an octopus painted on this window. The next window must have painted cigarettes, matches, sweet-scented osmanthus, and a pangolin.
In the middle of the veranda is an open pavilion with water.
There is a door on the west wall behind Changxuan.
That is to say, behind this gate is the main courtyard of the master's house, and our place is the east garden of the master's house. Although most of the private gardens are behind the main courtyard, it is not a problem if they are built on the east and west sides. Standing in the open hall and looking across, it is the East Wing.
The east wing room is similar to the main room, with three rooms wide and one room deep, with a beam-lifting structure and a gray tile rolling shed with a hard mountain top. There is a partition door in the bright room, and a partition window in the second room. The size of the east wing room must be lower than that of the main room, with slightly smaller bays, no veranda in front, and of course no platform.
Check out South House.
The south house is the same as the north house, which is three rooms wide and one room deep, with a gray tile roll shed and a hard mountain top. There is a verandah in front of the north house, but not in the south house; there is a platform in front of the north house; The vertical ridge on the roof of this building is different from other places. It is called roll killing, which is the so-called "upper corner". This kind of rolling is not commonly used in the north now, but it is more common in the south. In fact, it is an ancient architectural element that originated in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Stand in the south room and look north.
The south room is also an exhibition room.
At the bottom of the opposite east wall is the protagonist of this exhibition room, a Taihu stone.
The exhibition room is made by the artist based on his appreciation of stones, with pictures and texts integrated.
China has had a stone appreciation culture since ancient times, and Song Huizong, who lost his country, was a master of stone appreciation. He collected all kinds of strange stones from the south to make flower and stone outlines and transported them to Bianjing to build Genyue. Most of these strange stones are porous limestone produced in Taihu Lake, so they are called Taihu Stone. The Jin people broke through Bianjing and took away not only the two emperors of Huiqin, but also demolished Genyue and transported a large number of Genyue's strange stones to Yanjing. The Jin people used these Genyue stones to build Qionghua Island in the imperial garden outside the city, which is now Beihai Park.
Look at the partition window in the south room.
In the garden, except for the three-pane partition window in the main room of the north house, the others are all like the above, which is called the two-pan partition window made of Luoming, and the lattice flowers are in the shape of cloud patterns. In the west of the south house, there is half a warm pavilion, inside which is a set of traditional Chinese camphor wood wardrobes.
Ordinary people often use camphor wood boxes to store valuable clothes that are afraid of insect bites, while wealthy people use camphor wood as wardrobes. In the past, if the chain of funds at hand was broken, someone would send the leather jacket to a pawn shop for money. The shopkeeper of the pawn shop picked up your leather jacket and shook it, and said, "A worm is biting a mouse and a leather jacket is biting you." Your leather jackets are all taken out of camphor wood boxes, and there are no insects or rats to bite them at all. The pawnshop shopkeeper said this in order to lower the price and give you less money.
There is a door leading directly to the west corridor in this warm pavilion. Take a look at the door leaf.
Pseudo rosewood wood is actually elm. The brass surface leaf has stamped moiré patterns on it. This kind of surface leaf is called "lead forging surface leaf", which is very high-grade. In addition to cloud patterns, there are dragons on the lead forging leaves in the palace. The method of reinforcing the mortise and tenon joints with face leaves is called a lock. The face leaves in the palace are plated with gold, called golden lock doors and windows, and the copper locks here. Look at the woodcut relief on the skirt board, there is a river below, there are mountains beside the river, there are orchid chrysanthemums and lotus flowers at the foot of the mountain, and there are eagles on the mountain to watch, which is also extremely auspicious.
Building a house in the garden is only indispensable. If you want to upgrade, you must put more scenery. Trees must be planted in courtyards, and pagoda trees must be planted in Beijing.
This locust tree was definitely not planted in the past two years, nor was it in the Qianlong period, but it is still a few years old.
An old house sits by the pool, and an ancient locust tree stands behind the house. Sophora japonica fell with the wind, and the water in the pool swayed.
Since there is water, there must be a load.
Xia went to leave late lotus, standing on the side of the marsh. Gu Fang doesn't appreciate himself, but he has pity and sighs.
On the west corridor, there is not only an open pavilion and a water pavilion, but also a small pavilion. A tree was planted beside the pavilion, and kiwi fruit grew on the tree. When the interview staff came to this fruit, they said, "Ornamental papaya is not edible." It is very strange to see this southern melon and fruit in the capital.
An elegant courtyard is indispensable for stones. There are two kinds of stones for Chinese gardening. One is the Taihu stone mentioned above, which is piled up with stones to form mountains. There is also a piece of stone, which can also form a mountain by stacking stones. There are both kinds of stones in this garden, either piled up in the corner of the house, or piled up in the water.
The most majestic ridge in the southeast.
There is a round pavilion on the ridge.
This can't help but remind me of the six-pillar "near moon" pavilion in the He Garden in Yangzhou, which is also in this position and in this style.
On the Spring Breeze Ridge, the Spring Breeze Pavilion, the spring breeze blows through and the spring is sunny. Come to the pavilion to listen to the spring rain, and bring friends to cook and drink to get drunk.
The small courtyard of this Nanchizi Art Museum is not as gorgeous as the garden of the Wangfu, but it is small and exquisite, and it is not inferior to elegance. There are many palace gardens in Beijing, the garden of Prince Kung’s Mansion is very large, and the garden of Prince Chun’s Mansion where Soong Ching Ling once lived is also very large; even the Grand View Garden described by Cao Xueqin in "A Dream of Red Mansions" is quite large. I guess the old owner of the Nanchizi Art Museum garden was the former teacher and brigade commander under Fu Zuoyi, not a very big official. The garden appears to have been reconstructed, and the main courtyard to the west is likely still inhabited. The buildings in the garden are very regular, with the architectural style and specifications of the old Beijing dwellings, which are different from Su Yang's garden style in the south of the Yangtze River. Not far from here, there used to be a half-acre garden behind the National Art Museum of China, which was the residence of Jia Hanfu, the governor of Shaanxi during the Kangxi period, and the work of garden master Li Yu. It's called Half Acre Garden, but it actually has more than ten acres. After being dismantled in the 1980s, it is now reproduced in the China Garden Museum, which is a representative work of northern gardens. The Nanchizi Art Museum here did not say how many acres it is, but it is probably only half an acres. Although the area is small, there are all kinds of houses, corridors, pavilions, fish ponds, rocks, pines, locust trees and plums, forming an interesting contrast; although the layout is dense, it is not messy. In short, this Nanchizi Art Museum can be regarded as a microcosm of northern gardens, which is worth seeing.
The courtyard is quiet and slanting in summer, and the green shade is full of spring flowers. In the old days, spring dreams flew to the end of the world.
Swallows under the eaves of rocky and dangerous fences, and frogs singing in the pond. Shine the wine and the moon on the window screen.
