[Preface] When I was in elementary school more than 40 years ago, I knew that Ji'an was an old revolutionary base area. When I first saw the name of this exhibition on the WeChat public account of Shoubo, my first impression was an exhibition of "Red Memory" . But after reading the contents of the exhibition carefully, I realized that this exhibition mainly uses a large number of cultural relics to explain the history of civilization development in Ji'an. The starting point for the understanding of Jiangxi's historical civilization in the past was mainly from the Tang Dynasty 1,500 years ago, including Wang Bo's "The sunset and the lone bird fly together, and the autumn water is the same color as the sky", Li Bai's "Flying down three thousand Ruler, it is suspected that the Milky Way falls nine days." The archaeological excavation of Haihunhou's tomb in the past few years, and the subsequent "Five Colors Dazzling Yao-Nanchang Han Dynasty Haihunhou State Archaeological Achievements Exhibition" held at the first expo, continued my understanding of Jiangxi's historical civilization for another five years. century. And this time at the "Wangjun Ji'an" exhibition, I actually saw a large number of cultural relics from the Shang Dynasty 3,500 years ago. Everyone knows "Oceania", yes, Australia is in Oceania. But this time, I, a cultural and blog enthusiast, have a new understanding of the meaning of "Oceania", knowing that there is also an Oceania Township in Xingan County, Jiangxi Province. In 1989, a large tomb of the Shang Dynasty was discovered there, and a total of 486 Shang Dynasty bronze wares, 754 jade wares, 356 pottery wares, and 5 bone wares were unearthed. Among them, there are 5 Chinese treasure-level cultural relics and 23 national first-class cultural relics. The excavation of the Shang Dynasty tomb in Oceania rewritten the history of Jiangxi, which was known as a barbarian land during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The cultural relics from the Shang Dynasty tomb in Oceania are exquisite in craftsmanship and various in variety, which fully proves that as far back as three thousand years ago, the Ganjiang River—— There is a highly developed bronze civilization in the Poyang Lake Basin. Therefore, the tombs of the Shang Dynasty in Oceania were listed as one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in the country during the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" period and one of the 100 major archaeological discoveries in the country in the 20th century. The five national treasure-level cultural relics facing the tomb of the Shang Dynasty in Oceania are also worth visiting for travel friends.
[Continued] At 13:00, walk out of the exhibition hall of "Shanzong? Water Source? Road Zhichong-Qinghai in the Belt and Road Initiative" and take the elevator to the third floor to visit the "Wangjun Ji'an" exhibition.
(As soon as you enter the exhibition hall, you will see these two national treasures placed in the glass cabinet on the left, but don’t worry, let’s start from the “Preface”)
Foreword:
Ji'an is located in the middle of Jiangxi Province, where the magnificent Ganjiang River flows through.
The ancients lived by water, and Ganshui gave birth to Ji'an, cultivated culture, and enriched people's hearts.
Here is the civilization creation of Xingan Oceania in the Shang Dynasty,
There is a 500-year-old Jizhou kiln fire,
There is still the sound of reading in Bailuzhou Academy here,
What's more, the spirit of Jinggangshan has the potential to start a prairie fire and pass it down from generation to generation.
The name Ji'an means "Jitai Minan", which reveals the ancient ancestors' expectation for a better life.
Inheriting the ancient style of thousands of years, Ji'an, which writes history, shines on the road of home and country,
Through thousands of years, the spirit of Jinggangshan sings the cadenza of contemporary China.
The "Wangjun Ji'an" exhibition is divided into five units in chronological order. The first unit is "Southland Thick Soil", which mainly introduces the dawn of civilization in the Bronze Age of Ji'an based on the unearthed cultural relics from the tombs of the Shang Dynasty in Oceania.
Today, overlooking the "North Gate" of Ji'an City - Dayangzhou Town, Xingan County, with lush water and grass and continuous land, everything seems to be quiet. Time passed to September 1989, and a highly developed bronze civilization comparable to the Yin Shang civilization in the Central Plains was discovered here, and "Xingan Oceania" has since been included in textbooks. The lost civilization, Jijin Chongguang, a mysterious and fantasy kingdom came into people's eyes.
Here, the state is located in Zhaoyu, and the Shang culture of the Central Plains is infiltrated like spring breeze and rain.
Here, one of the four seas, the gene of local culture breeds the beauty of southern soil.
Here, the tributaries of culture converge, linking the civilization of the Yellow River and the civilization of the Yangtze River.
(This is the first national treasure unearthed from a merchant tomb in Oceania - the bronze head of a god and man with two faces, Shang (16th century BC - mid-11th century BC), with a height of 53 cm, a width of 14.5 x 22 cm, and a diameter of 4.5 x 5 cm, tube diameter 6 cm, unearthed in Oceania, Xingan County, Jiangxi Province in 1989, and collected by Jiangxi Provincial Museum. This head is hollow and flat, symmetrical in front and back. The upper round tube can be inserted with feathers and other accessories, and the lower part can be fixed with a wooden handle. , the face reveals mystery and majesty. This shape design may be consistent with the ancient people's concept of a round sky and a place. This image may have similar functions and properties to other bronze masks unearthed in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It is an idol used for god worship Or "artifact", which is the medium of communication between humans and gods. Bronze head portraits of a similar form were also unearthed at the Sanxingdui site in Guanghan, Sichuan)
(Let’s take a look at the second national treasure from a different angle, the crouching bird and double-tailed bronze crouching tiger. Purely from the perspective of artistic expression, the lines on the body are fine and clear, with a bird on its body and two tails behind it, I think it is More appreciation value than the previous national treasure)
(Fu bird double-tailed copper crouching tiger, Shang (16th century - mid-11th century before), 53.5 cm long, 27.5 cm high, 13 cm wide, 3.8 cm high, unearthed in Oceania, Xingan County, Jiangxi Province in 1989 , collected by Jiangxi Provincial Museum)
(This is the largest bronze tiger seen so far. Many utensils with tiger-shaped decorations were unearthed from Xingan Oceania merchant tombs, and their styles are basically the same, which constitutes the fierce tiger feature of Xingan Bronze Culture. Some scholars speculate that the tiger may be the tomb The object of worship of the host family may have a certain relationship with its family history and legends.)
(Some scholars also believe that tigers are related to local ethnic groups, cultural traditions, and religious beliefs. Although the combination of tigers and birds has been found in both the north and the south (for example, the Fuhaogong unearthed from Yinxu in Anyang, Henan is also a tiger in the front and a bird in the back). The double-tail shape of the tiger is unprecedented. It may be the "national weapon" that marks the local Wucheng Fangguo)
(There are pictures on the wall of the exhibition hall introducing the archaeological excavation of merchant tombs in Oceania)
(Military elements are exhibited in the first showcase, mainly some weapons, including jade knives as sacrificial utensils)
(Below the photo is the description of the two cultural relics in the previous photo, and the description of the cultural relic above is in the next one)
(These clusters of arrows seem to be the same as before, but they are not the same when you look closely)
(Fang Nei copper axe, with a height of 36.5 cm, a blade width of 36.3 cm, and a weight of 11.4 kg, has a particularly thick body. A large mouth is carved out in the center of the body, and double rows of sharp teeth are arranged at the top and bottom. The top and two sides are decorated with moiré patterns, and the wide concave lines in the pattern are filled with red copper (now most of them are corroded and lost), so it is also called "bronze axe with red copper moiré inlaid". It is It is one of the earliest extant Shang Dynasty utensils in my country that adopts metal craftsmanship)
(Bronze helmet with animal face pattern, Shang (16th century BC - mid 11th century BC), 18.7 cm in height, 21.0 x 18.6 cm in diameter, unearthed in Oceania, Xingan County, Jiangxi Province in 1989, and collected by Jiangxi Provincial Museum. The helmet is for protection during combat Utensils for the head and neck. The wall thickness of this helmet is only 0.3 cm, so there is no sense of bulkiness. The whole utensil is cast into shape, and it is cast upside down from the bottom edge. The bronze helmet is the only one in the Xingan Oceania merchant tomb)
Artifacts of musical elements are displayed in the second showcase
When the cymbal is used, the mouth is facing upwards, the handle is fixed on the socket, and the sound is struck. Let’s look at the details of the bronze cymbals again. This is the taotie pattern, which is a common ornamentation on bronze wares of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Taotie pattern is a patterned animal face, so it is also called animal face pattern. Taotie (tāo tiè) is a kind of imaginary mysterious monster. This kind of monster has no body, only a big head and a big mouth. It is very greedy. It is a symbol of greed.
In the Shang Dynasty, the level of productivity was not high, and most bronze wares were not yet able to be used as daily utensils, but were mainly used as ritual vessels.
Entering the exhibition hall, you can see the display cabinet of bronze sacrificial vessels on the front, among which there are many "heavy weapons of a great country". The following is a detailed introduction to the exquisite bronzes in this showcase.
Let’s take a look at the heavy objects in the center of the showcase first!
(In the middle of the showcase is a national treasure—bronze jar with deer ears and four legs with animal face pattern, Shang (16th century-before mid-11th century), 105 cm high, 61.2 cm in diameter, 78.5 kg in weight, Xingan, Jiangxi Province, 1989 Unearthed in Oceania County, Jiangxi Provincial Museum)
(This zeng is conjoined, with a high crotch and four feet. There is a deer on each ear, a male and a female, looking back at the prime minister. The deer has vertical horns, short curly tail, and is covered with scales. In the photo, this is only a female deer , without horns. Except for the two deer on the ears, the whole bronze jar was cast at one time. Looking at this complex artifact, we have to admire the casting technology of ancestors more than 3,000 years ago)
(The belly of the retort is decorated with four groups of animal-mask patterns. The full-body bag is decorated with embossed animal-mask patterns. It is huge, imposing, strangely beautiful and stable.)
(Zeng is a "steamer" in the Bronze Age. This bronze zigzag with deer ears and four legs with animal face pattern is not only complex in shape and exquisite in decoration, but also the largest one of its kind in ancient China that has been discovered so far. It can be called " King of China")
(Among the bronze wares unearthed from merchant tombs in Oceania, there is a "Square Bronze Ding with Tiger Ears and Breasts" that is a national treasure, but it did not come to the exhibition this time, and another national first-class cultural relic was placed in the showcase—— Bronze tripod with tiger ears and animal face pattern)
(Tiger with animal face pattern, copper square tripod ears, lying down on the tiger, with limbs bent and curled, tail hanging at the end. The tiger has a huge head, wide open mouth, triangular sharp teeth, protruding eyes, and protruding big ears)
(The tiger-ear copper square tripod with animal face pattern is 44.5 cm high and weighs 13.1 kg. The belly of the tripod is composed of three groups of animal face patterns connected together. The animal face pattern has a high door and edge nose, breasts protruding from the eyes, the body is extended, and the tail is rolled up)
(Beside the national treasure "Deer-faced Deer-eared Four-legged Bronze Vessel", there is another heavy vessel - tiger-eared and tiger-shaped flat-legged copper round tripod, a national first-class cultural relic, Shang (16th century-before mid-11th century), The overall height is 40.7 cm, the ear height is 5.8 cm, and the diameter is 27.4 cm, unearthed in Oceania, Xingan County, Jiangxi Province in 1989, collected by Jiangxi Provincial Museum)
(A total of 9 tiger-shaped bronze tripods with flat feet were unearthed from Xingan Dayangzhou merchant tombs, 7 of which had crouching tigers cast on their ears, and the flat-footed tripods from Jingjiang, Jiangxi Province also have the same shape. The tiger ears of these utensils are all in line with the tiger feet They complement each other, forming a theme pattern of "deformed tiger", which is the most representative regional cultural image of Shang Dynasty tombs in Xingan Oceania)
(Scholars speculate that the tiger-shaped flat-footed tripod from the Oceania Shang tomb is later than the Kui-shaped flat-footed tripod and the fish-shaped flat-footed tripod. It is the result of further development of the casting technology of the flat-footed tripod. Mid-term)
(The bronze shawl with animal-mask pattern sheep head is 60.5 cm high and weighs 35.5 kg. This shackle is exquisitely cast and magnificent, with high-relief animal-mask patterns on the abdomen, four sets of animal-mask patterns on the shoulders, and high-relief sheep heads in between, protruding from the Outside the shoulders. The large horns of the sheep’s head roll outwards, the characters of ministers protrude from the eyes, and the long nose with ridges and spiral-shaped protruding nostrils)
(The belly of the bronze shawl with animal face patterns and sheep head has four sets of high relief animal face patterns, zigzag angles, wide nose ribs, double round eyes and disassembled limbs. Bronze shackles are a large wine container, used for important sacrifices and banquets occasion)
In addition to the four heavy vessels in the center of the showcase, there are several smaller bronze sacrificial vessels on both sides.
(The copper gui with animal-faced false abdomen is 17.4 cm high, 33.1 cm in diameter, and 28.1 cm in abdominal diameter. It has double-shaped ring ears, and the surface is highly embossed with sheep-horn and animal-face patterns. Four groups of curly-horned animal face patterns in the exhibition style, each group is separated by binoculars. The upper and lower borders of the stripes are decorated with beaded patterns. Four equidistant cross-cut holes are placed at the intersection of the abdomen and feet. The ring feet are higher, decorated with four groups of tiger feet. The animal-mask pattern with a tall leaf and a sharp nose)
(This gui has a flat folded edge, square lips, a round and slightly bulging outer belly, a round bottom with a bright inner bottom, a turtle engraved in the center, clear head and tail with four legs, a swirl pattern in the center, and cloud patterns around the periphery. The outer belly is dark under the The bottom is also a round bottom; the ring foot is slightly outward from top to bottom. Because there are two bottoms, light and dark, for the dark bottom, it is a deep belly, and for the exposed shallow bottom, the belly is false, so it is called false. Belly gui. Although the inner bottom of this gui bears a distinct imprint of the Central Plains culture, the tiger-foot-shaped door edge on its ring foot has obvious local characteristics, and the straight and shallow false belly has never been seen in the Central Plains copper gui. Many scholars Therefore, this "cultural fusion" artifact was also named the false abdominal plate)
(False belly copper bean with animal face pattern, 13.4 cm high, 15 cm in diameter. Late Shang Dynasty, unearthed in Oceania, Xingan, Jiangxi in 1989)
(Square edge, false abdomen in a shallow dish, trumpet-shaped ring foot with a thick handle. Thunder pattern around the mouth, a fire pattern in the center of the plate, thunder pattern with oblique eyes on the inner wall, animal face pattern on the outer wall of the abdomen and the ring foot, There are three cross holes printed in the middle of the ring foot, string patterns on both sides, and thunder patterns on the lower part. Copper beans in the Shang Dynasty were rarely found, and those with such exquisite decorations are considered high-quality goods)
(Bronze tripod with double-bottomed animal face pattern, 13.0 cm in height, 1 kg in weight. Double upright ears, beaded pattern around the outer wall, the main pattern is the upper and lower two layers of animal faces, the upper nose is protruding and the lower nose is flat straight low)
(The plain belt in the middle of the second floor is separated, and the eye patterns on both sides are separated. The high relief on the feet is eye-catching and prominent, the lines are thick and wide, the nose is high hooked, and the horns are large and rolled out. The shape of this tripod is small and the casting is fine. )
(Animal-faced bronze handle with square belly, 28.0 cm in height, 2.3 kg in weight. It has a unique shape, with a round neck on the top, a square belly in the middle, and round feet in the bottom. The shoulder buttons on both sides are connected with the flat semi-circular handle. The belly is placed horizontally Rectangular, square in section, with a square hollow running through the center of each side, and the horizontal plane is in the shape of a "ten". The whole vessel is decorated with patterns: Kui pattern under the rim of the mouth; two layers of animal mask pattern on the neck; horn animal pattern pattern around the shoulder )
(The square belly takes the notch as the center and is divided into two layers, the inner and outer layers. The upper and lower layers of the notch are all distributed with animal face patterns on the central axis, and the inner and outer sides of both sides are distributed longitudinally with four common-eye patterns. There are layers of scales on the surface of the lifting beam. The head of the high-end embossed animal faces upwards, the double horns roll inward, the round eyes are prominent, and the mouth opens to reveal triangular teeth, as if biting a wide and flat handle. An "S" shaped snake connects the cover and the button, and the snake's head bites a ring. The hole in the ring is connected with the cover by a pin (remaining). The snake tail is hooked to the ring system of the handle. The low ring feet are carved with patterns. The square is not only delicate and exquisite in decoration, but also has a special shape and novel function)
(To be precise, this bronze ware should be called "bronze chan with cloud-like patterns". It is 16.5 cm high and weighs 1.35 kg. It can be used in conjunction with bronze ware. Popularly speaking, chan is a kind of wine used on special occasions Spoon. Whenever there is a grand sacrifice, the monarch uses Zan to take wine from a large wine container such as a 罍, and then slowly pours the wine on the ground to sacrifice to his ancestors. This is a gift)
(The bronze chan with cloud pattern is in the shape of a cup, decorated with a circle of cloud patterns. A gui-shaped pointed head stalk is inclined at the junction of the abdomen and feet, decorated with cloud patterns, and there are two pairs of protruding eyes in between. Its shape is strange, and this kind of utensil has never been seen before.)
(Bronze tripod with bird ears and Kui feet with animal face pattern, 27.4 cm in height, 1.3 kg in weight. Fengfeng bird on the ears. The bird has protruding eyes, sharp beak, corolla, wings, flat tail, body decoration, neck scales, belly thunder pattern .Three Kui-shaped flat feet. Kui bites the abdomen, the upper part is broad, the abdominal ridge is blunt, the tail is wide and flat, and the lines are thick. The abdominal pattern belt is three groups of animal face patterns)
(Bronze tripods with flat feet and round bodies are the most numerous tripods in Oceania, with a total of 14 pieces. The flat feet are in the shape of Kui, fish and tiger)
(According to the explanation on the label in the booth, this bronze vessel is called "Bronze Li with Folded Shoulders". After checking the information, it is also called "Li-shaped Bronze Tripod". It is 27.3 cm high and weighs 3.08 kg. The shape is like a Li-shaped tripod, but the tripod is indeed a solid short column, so it is called a Li-shaped tripod)
These bronzes from the Shang Dynasty have gone through more than 3,000 years, and the lines are still very clear, and the copper rust is not much. It seems that the tomb is well sealed. In that environment, the cultural relics have been well protected.
After seeing the showcase of bronze sacrificial vessels, the next one is the showcase behind it, where tools and farm tools made of bronze are displayed.
On display in the next showcase are jades unearthed from merchant tombs in Oceania.
The first thing to pay attention to is a national treasure-level cultural relic in this showcase-sideways jade feather ornament. Shang (16th century - mid-11th century BC), 11.5 cm high, unearthed in Oceania, Xingan County, Jiangxi Province in 1989, and collected by Jiangxi Provincial Museum. Yuren's ring chains use the carving process, which requires a very high level of technology. Its appearance has corrected the traditional view that the carving process started in the Ming Dynasty.
The chain link of this jade pendant and the Yuren are directly carved from the same piece of material. Comparing the sideways jade figure unearthed from the Fuhao Tomb of the Yin Ruins, it can be seen that the ancient southern peoples incorporated more new cultural factors when imitating Yin and Shang jades. The creativity came from the inherent traditional spirit of the local indigenous people. A tradition and variation of totem and bird worship.
(This jade cong with cicada pattern is also an important first-class national cultural relic)
The theme of the next showcase is "Kiln Fire Remains", which exhibits pottery unearthed from the tombs of the Shang Dynasty in Oceania.
(Each showcase in the first unit)
The second unit of the "Wang Jun Ji'an" exhibition is "Connecting North and South",
Gan River, like a "golden waterway", has been the largest river flowing from north to south in Jiangxi Province since ancient times. The Qianli Ganjiang River is also the mother river of Ji'an, which gave birth to and created the ancient Luling County.
For thousands of years, boats shuttled back and forth, sails and masts stood everywhere, and bamboo and wood in the river flowed into the Yangtze River and were transported to various places. "One bag and one umbrella, go out and be the boss", the children of Luling traveled all over the world to realize the dream of home and country.
After entering this unit, the first thing you see is a big bell in the center of the exhibition hall, which is the bronze bell of Emperor Xuanzong's "Edict"
The labels on the booth clearly introduce the cultural relics
The "Edict" of Zhu Zhanji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty cast and engraved on the bronze bell
On one side of the bronze bell, there is a five-jue poem engraved, and on the other side, a seven-jue poem, all inscribed with "Om Mani Padme Hum".
From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was called "Luling".
This is the first showcase for this unit
The "star" of this showcase is this bronze beast from the Three Kingdoms period
(According to the introduction, between the hind legs of the Bronze Beast, there is... like?)
This is the second showcase in this unit. The star cultural relic in this showcase is the celadon candle holder.
(The one on the left is a celadon candlestick with holders, Southern Dynasties (460-581), collected by Ji'an City Museum. The drum-shaped socket of this candlestick is connected to the tray. The candlesticks in the Southern Dynasties are basically not as complicated and mysterious as those in the Three Kingdoms and Jin Dynasties. The content, compared with the two Jin Dynasties, has certain changes, tubular candlesticks and round lamps have replaced the previous sheep-shaped, lion-shaped, bear-shaped candle holders or lamps, and the shape is more simple)
After visiting this showcase, the second unit is over, and then look down! 【To be continued】
