My 2021 edition of the Forbidden City stickers, the 17th volume of the serial "Looking at the Red Walls and Gold Tiles, Appreciating the Ming and Qing Palaces", has been generously read by many readers. Among them, some readers put forward some opinions and suggestions, and pointed out some fallacies. This revised edition is republished on the second quarter, adopting the opinions and suggestions of previous readers, enriching some content, correcting clerical errors, and updating and supplementing some pictures. Although I dare not say that all the fallacies have been corrected, most of them should have been corrected. Remember in detail the architectural art of ancient Chinese top palaces seen in the Ming and Qing palaces, some royal cultural relics exhibited in the Forbidden City, and the traces of royal life in the Qing palace, and also think of some stories and legends that happened in the Ming and Qing palaces. Readers", just want to share with readers. thanks.
————————————————————————————————
From the Meridian Gate to the north, the imperial palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are regarded as the outer courts, including the first three halls; to the north of the Qianqing Gate, they are the inner courts, including the rear three palaces and the east and west six palaces on the middle road. This is called sleeping in the front. In addition to the first three halls on the middle road, there are two buildings on the east and west roads in the outer dynasty, each with its own function and history.
Go out from the Xiehe Gate in the middle of the corridor on the east side of Taihemen Square, and this is Waichao East Road. Exit the Xiehe Gate and go straight east to reach the Donghua Gate. There is a large building on the south side of this road, which is the cabinet treasury, which is now the office of the Forbidden City Association. That sign seems to be Mr. Qi Gong's characters, very distinctive.
This building was also built in the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, it was the cabinet's copy warehouse. There are various files, documents, etc. in it. Those with red letters are called red books, and there is a single red book bank. Many documents from the Shunzhi, Kangxi, and Qianlong periods in the early Qing Dynasty were in Manchu. There are also documents of the Ming Dynasty secretly collected by the Qing Dynasty, including the living notes of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty, all of which are collected in the Shilu library. After the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs, they compiled the last of the Twenty-Four Histories of China, the History of the Ming Dynasty, based on the Ming Dynasty documents in the Shilu library and the official views of the Qing Dynasty. The Manchus have no discipline, and most of the laws and regulations rely on the Ming system, so we must carefully study these Ming Dynasty archives. In Chinese history, the later dynasties wrote history for the former dynasties. The archives of the Qing Dynasty kept in the cabinet are very complete. The Republic of China originally planned to compile a "History of Qing Dynasty" that was not inferior to "History of Ming Dynasty". The Beiyang government organized people to compile a set of "Drafts of Qing History". Because of the haste, only the first draft was completed, and the book was not completed. In 2004, New China reorganized its personnel to compile Qing History, including those experts across the Taiwan Strait who studied Qing history.
The archives of the Ming Dynasty are in Huangshicheng at the south entrance of Nanchizi Street in the imperial city outside the palace. It was not built in the Yongle period, but in the Jiajing period. In the Qing Dynasty, it was called Biaozhangku.
Entering from the gate of the Forbidden City Society, between the west side of the cabinet treasury and the palace wall is the cabinet office, called the cabinet lobby, where the cabinet in the Ming Dynasty worked. The courtyard of the cabinet lobby faces south, and its gate cannot be seen on the road outside Xiehemen, only a toilet behind the lobby can be seen. The door of the Forbidden City Association is closed, and no guests are allowed to enter. I can only walk to the south of it along the path next to the toilet in the west, wanting to go and see what happened. As a result, the door on the side of the cabinet lobby was also locked, and the side of the road became a garage, a bicycle storage for the staff.
I had no choice but to back out and stand on the platform of the Xiehe Gate and look into the cabinet lobby. You can't even see the back of your neck, only the roof.
In the Ming Dynasty, the cabinet ministers and the eunuchs who were in charge of ceremonies here were two groups, competing for power with each other. Because eunuchs are closer to the emperor and because they know more disgusting things about the emperor, they will gain more trust from the emperor and often have greater power than cabinet ministers. The famous Wang Zhen, Wang Zhi and Wei Zhongxian in the Ming Dynasty were all powerful eunuchs. In the Ming Dynasty, the memorials from various places were first sent to the cabinet in the courtyard above, and the cabinet members wrote their suggestions on paper and pasted them on the memorial, which was called drafting. The memorial drafted by the ticket was sent to the emperor, and the emperor suggested to the cabinet to annotate it with a red pen to form an imperial edict, which was approved. The emperor often only approves a few books, and the rest of the court tickets are approved by the chief eunuch. On the surface, the eunuchs approved the redemption on behalf of the emperor, but in fact, the eunuchs of the inner court played the role of restraining the cabinet of the outer court. It reached its peak during the Jiajing period, when the chief inspector and the cabinet fought fiercely. After Jiajing's death, the emperor's third son Yuwang Zhu Zaicui (Nian Ji) succeeded to the throne and became Emperor Longqing. Six years later, Zhu Yijun, Zhu Zaicui's eldest son, succeeded him as Emperor Wanli. Emperor Wanli was only ten years old when he came to the throne. Zhang Juzheng, the chief assistant of the cabinet, organized the proposals, and Feng Bao, the chief eunuch who supervised ceremonies, approved the redemption on his behalf. Both Zhang Juzheng and Feng Bao came from Prince Yu's Mansion, and they have a close relationship. The period of the first ten years of Emperor Wanli was the time when the cabinet and eunuchs of the Ming Dynasty cooperated most tacitly. Zhang Juzheng's many reform strategies were implemented, and the national power increased greatly. The government system of the Ming Dynasty was very perfect, and it also had a great influence on the West. The cabinets of the West also learned from the Ming Dynasty, and the Prime Minister of the West was the chief assistant of the cabinet of the Ming Dynasty.
When you come out of Xiehemen, the south of the road is the cabinet of the cabinet, and the north of the road is a forest, but it is not a "only forest (nianqi forest)". You will find a road in the woods leading to a palace gate.
This is the Wenhua Gate, and inside the Wenhua Gate is the Wenhua Palace. Wenhua Gate is a house-style gate facing south, five rooms wide and two rooms deep, with open doors in the middle Ming room and East and West rooms, one large and two small. The tip is closed, the lower part is the sill wall, and the upper part is the partition window. There are doors between the central pillars. This kind of gate can also be called the gate of the palace with five rooms and three openings. When the door leaf is between the central pillars, it is also called the central pillar gate. The roof is a yellow glazed tile single eaves Xieshan top, and the horizontal beams and vertical beams are painted with double dragons and seals. Below the gate there is a five-foot-high blue brick base, a white stone platform, three vertical belts on the front, Danbi stone on the middle road, and the imperial road in the middle of the opposite road.
Stand under the gate and take a look.
Completely built in the Ming Dynasty, with brackets and beams. Standing in the gate hall and looking in, there is a platform leading directly to the Wenhua Hall, the main hall.
The Wenhua Hall has an I-shaped plan. The front hall of the Wenhua Hall is five rooms wide and three rooms deep. There is a platform in front, and the top is a yellow glazed tile single-eave Xieshan top. There are six partition doors in the Ming room, and sill walls and sill windows in the second room and the top room. The lattice flowers of the doors and windows are the highest standard three cross six bowls.
The front and rear halls are connected by corridors.
The back hall is the main worship hall, five rooms wide and two rooms deep. The plaque of the apse is hung in the corridor.
There are east and west side halls on both sides of the front hall. Take a look at the plaque on the east side hall, which is called Benren Hall. It is now one of the sales offices of the Forbidden City Bookstore.
The Wenhua Palace was built by Zhu Di in the early Ming Dynasty. The I-shaped plan reminds me of the layout of the Housan Palace. As I said last time, the Housan Palace in the early Ming Dynasty did not have the Jiaotai Palace in the middle, and the Qianqing Palace in the front and the Kunning Palace in the back are also connected by a corridor. In the 21st year of Jiajing (AD 1542), the Renyin Palace Mutiny took place. The court ladies rushed into the Qianqing Palace late at night to strangle Emperor Jiajing, who was snoring and bleeding, but they were in a hurry. In the end, someone ran from the back door of the Qianqing Palace to the Kunning Palace and woke up the sleeping Queen Fang. The queen still ran along this corridor from the Kunning Palace to the Qianqing Palace to rescue her. As mentioned earlier, when the Qianqing Palace was rebuilt after the fire in the 36th year of Jiajing, the hall at the back was changed to Jiaotai Hall. Therefore, the Wenhua Palace was built in the early Ming Dynasty according to the format of the second palace of the inner court emperor and empress, and it continues to this day. When you see the Wenhua Palace, you can almost know the appearance of Qianqing Palace and Kunning Palace in the early Ming Dynasty, but now there are display panels hanging in the corridor, and the windows cannot be seen from inside.
In the Ming Dynasty, the Wenhua Palace was the emperor's private hall, a place like the Jinluan Palace in the Daming Palace in the Tang Dynasty. The emperor came here to hide and relax. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a Bachelor of Wenhuadian, whose function was to tutor the prince in studying. After the prince became an adult, the emperor's father asked him to participate in some political affairs, and the prince was here to handle the affairs assigned by the emperor. This is called "practicing Zuo", and Zuo is the throne of the emperor. Starting from Ming Yingzong Zhuqi Town, the emperor opened a workshop, and the place was in this Wenhua Hall. The emperor regularly announced that scholars from the Imperial Academy or the principal of the Imperial College would give lectures or history, and also asked cabinet members, six ministers and other senior cadres to listen to the lectures together. This is called Jingyan. This is a bit like our current Politburo collective learning. The "feast" in Jingyan refers to the reception of wine and meat for the lecturer at Xiehemen after class. The Xiehemen at that time was called Zuoshunmen. The Hanlin Academy also held palace examinations here. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the king broke into the palace and set fire to it, and the Wenhua Palace was burned down.
For more than 20 years during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, the Wenhua Palace was rebuilt according to the Ming system to study for Prince Yinreng, and he was appointed a scholar of the Wenhua Palace. Kangxi checked the use of Wenhua Hall in the archives of the Ming Dynasty, and then handled it as usual, and also held a sutra banquet in Wenhua Hall. The prince of the Qing Dynasty did not practice Zuo in the Wenhua Palace, because Kangxi ascended the throne when he was young; Yinreng's rebellion caused Yongzheng to terminate the public reserve, and there was no Qing prince after that, and Yinreng became the only prince of the Qing Dynasty. The scholar of the Wenhua Palace in the Qing Dynasty is comparable to the Niu of the Ming Dynasty. He is one of the three halls and three pavilions. The Bachelor of Wenhuadian seems to be the highest among them, and He Shen has this name, and Li Hongzhang has also been a Bachelor of Wenhuadian. The three halls and three pavilions are Baohe Palace, Wuying Palace, Wenhua Palace, Tiren Pavilion, Wenyuan Pavilion and Dong Pavilion. The Hall of Martial Ying is on the west side of the Waichao Road corresponding to the Hall of Wenhua, the Pavilion of Tiren is the East Side Hall of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and the Pavilion of Wenyuan is behind the Hall of Wenhua, and the East Pavilion should be the cabinet lobby. The cabinet lobby is also called the Grand Scholars Hall, that is, the Dongge Grand Scholars.
The Wenhua Palace is now an exhibition hall, once a ceramics hall, and now a calligraphy and painting hall. There are countless collections of calligraphy and painting in the palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, most of which entered the palace in the Qing Dynasty, and most of them were in the Qianlong Dynasty. The paintings and calligraphy seized from the Yuan Palace in the Ming Dynasty were only regarded as spoils of war. The emperors of the Ming Dynasty lost their literary talent and had little interest in calligraphy and painting. The calligraphy and paintings of the Ming Palace were basically seized, including those seized from ministers. After the death of his teacher Zhang Juzheng, Wanli Emperor Zhu Yijun seized a large number of calligraphy and paintings from his home, and they were all hidden in the deep palace, neither rewarding himself nor showing others. In the Qing Dynasty, the Manchus had a fanatical admiration for Han culture, and they brought most of the Ming books and paintings in the palace. Emperor Qianlong not only collected it, but often took it out and stared into death. He put three famous historical posts beside his pillow, and inscribed the corner "Sanxi Hall", which are "Quick Snow and Sunny Post" by Wang Xizhi of the Jin Dynasty, "Mid-Autumn Post" by Wang Xianzhi and "Bo Yuan Post" by Wang Xun. ". However, when the emperor's taste was low in the early Qing Dynasty, he was often deceived. In the Kangxi Dynasty, there was a Han official Gao Shiqi who was later promoted to the first grade. He taught Kangxi about Han culture and often contributed ancient calligraphy and paintings. There are often fakes in these calligraphy and paintings, but they are all high imitations. He himself has a "Jiangcun Calligraphy and Painting Catalogue", which records the paintings and calligraphy he has mastered. Some are marked "not true, give away"; Tibetan". There is also the label "fake and good can be packed in", which is a high imitation intended for Kangxi. In the end, Gao Shiqi's collection of paintings were all entered after his death. Emperor Qianlong was also severely deceived. Someone sold him a fake "Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains" Ziming scroll for 2,000 taels of silver. He does not distinguish between the authenticity and the authenticity. Later, after getting the authentic copy of the painting "Wuyongshijuan", he insisted that Ziming's scroll was the real one, and was laughed at by the ministers. The authenticity of this painting is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. After Qianlong searched all the paintings and calligraphy in the world, the last famous painting collected by the Qing Palace was Zhang Zeduan's "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" in the Northern Song Dynasty. The earliest painting currently in the collection of the Forbidden City is "Spring Outing" by Zhan Ziqian of the Sui Dynasty, printed on silk, with coloring and inscriptions in thin gold script of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty. The famous ancient Chinese paintings and calligraphy that can be handed down to this day are extremely precious, and many of them have been destroyed by the royal family. In the third year of Chengsheng in the Southern Dynasty (AD 555), Yu Wentai of the Western Wei Dynasty sent troops to surround Jiangling. Before the city was broken, Emperor Xiao Yi of Liang Yuan burned 140,000 calligraphy and painting classics in the East Pavilion, which was the "Jiangling Book Burning" event. There are countless calligraphy and painting treasures destroyed by wars in history.
When I came during the epidemic, the "Su Shi-themed Painting and Calligraphy Special Exhibition" was being held in the Wenhua Palace, called "Eternal Romance".
Take a look at Su Shi's original running script "Wang Jinqing Tie". Su Shi was an upright person, never hiding anything, and his handwriting was also sharp.
A copy of "Dinghui Yuan Residence Occasionally Comes Out on a Moonlit Night".
Song Tuo and Su Shi's regular script Ouyang Xiu's "The Story of Fengle Pavilion".
Su Shi's "Chibi Nostalgia" written by Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty.
After the Su Shi Painting and Calligraphy Exhibition ended, the Wenhua Palace was closed, saying it was for a new exhibition. After the peak of the epidemic passed, a new exhibition was opened, called "Temples and Rituals", and it showed you figure paintings from the collection of the Forbidden City. Since it is a figure painting, there must be a portrait of the emperor. Look at Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang.
There are two handsome portraits of Zhu Yuanzhang in the palace, one full body and half body, and the upper one is full body. There are also eleven ugly portraits hidden in the palace, with a shoehorn face with a forward chin, and a face full of pimples. It is said that the ugly portrait is more realistic, and the history records that Ming Taizu is the face of "five mountains facing the sky". It is said that when Zhu Yuanzhang signed up to join Guo Zixing's uprising army, Guo Zixing saw that he was "extraordinary in appearance and unusual in appearance". Even the sackcloth warlock said that he was "unspeakably expensive".
Look at the portrait of Qianlong's court clothes again.
This is a portrait of him when he was young, meticulous and extremely delicate. Look carefully at his dragon robe, it is completely different from Zhu Yuanzhang's, the gap between the Ming and Qing dragon robes.
Take a look at the following Qing Dynasty Chen Shu "Chengtang Wangjie Three Sides Map", which has the seal of "Treasure of Qianlong Imperial Mirror" on it.
This tells a story. Cheng Tang, the founding monarch who destroyed Xia and established the Shang Dynasty, had a heart of benevolence and righteousness. When he was still the Marquis of Shang in Xia Dynasty, during an outing, he saw bird people making nets to carry birds, and the nets surrounded him on all sides. The bird people also prayed: All the birds in the east, west, north, south, in the sky and on the ground will enter my net. Cheng Tang saw that he was so extinct, so he formed a net too, but the net opened three sides. He also prayed: You guys run away to those three sides, and those who don't want to live can fall into my net. Seeing that Cheng Tang was so benevolent and righteous, everyone came to vote one after another. Tang gradually became popular and won the world.
Turn around the Wenhua Hall and go back, and there is another building behind it.
In the 17th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1538 A.D.), a Shengji Hall was built behind the Wenhua Hall. "Ji" refers to the aid of hanging pots to help the world, and holy aid generally refers to medicine or medicine. Previously, the royal pharmacy was called the Royal Pharmacy, but after the Shengji Temple was built, the Royal Pharmacy was renamed the Shengji Temple. Shengji Hall is also a place where famous doctors of all ages are sacrificed. After King Chuang set fire to the palace, the Shengji Hall was also destroyed by a torch. The imperial pharmacy in the Qing Dynasty was moved to the inner palace, which is the longevity pharmacy at the north end of the west verandah of Kunning Palace; the imperial pharmacy is located in the east veranda of Qianqing Palace. The higher authority of the Royal Pharmacy is the Tai Hospital. The Tai Hospital in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was located at the west entrance of Minxiang in the eastern suburbs, probably where the current Tiananmen Police Station is. Tai Hospital has an outpatient department in the palace. It is located under the inner wall of Donghua Gate, north of Shangsi Hospital, and leans against the inner Jinshui River. Shangsiyuan is the royal stables, and Bi Mawen should work here. The imperial hospital has experts who specialize in treating the emperor and his family members. They are on duty in the imperial pharmacy in the east corridor of the Qianqing Palace. Take a look at the outpatient department of Shangsi Hospital and Tai Hospital,
In the first year of Yongle (AD 1403) in the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Di entrusted Xie Jin, the chief assistant of the cabinet, to recruit people to compile the encyclopedia of Chinese classics. Zhu Di flipped through it and felt it was too thin, so he announced that Yao Guangxiao, a monk of Daoyan, would be in charge of supervising Xie Jin's revision and expansion. In the fifth year of Yongle, Zhu Di personally reviewed the final draft and named it "Yongle Dadian". There is only one set of more than 10,000 original copies of this great ceremony. Zhu Di brought the Yongle original into Beijing and hid it in the Wenlou, which is now the Tiren Pavilion, the east side hall of the Hall of Supreme Harmony. After the fire in the palace in the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing (AD 1557), Emperor Jiajing was afraid that the ceremony would be lost, so he hired someone to transcribe another set of Jiajing copies. Then hide the original in Tibetan Wenlou and the copy in Huangshicheng. It is said that Emperor Jiajing loved the "Yongle Dadian" enthusiastically and strongly requested that the original copy be buried in his Yongling Mausoleum. As a result, the transcription project was not completed when Emperor Jiajing was buried, and only 8,000 volumes were completed. When the Qing Dynasty took over, it was discovered that there was no original copy of Yongle in Mingwenlou, and only 8,000 copies of Jiajing in Huangshicheng. The Jiajing copy of "Yongle Dadian" was lost in the Qing Dynasty, and now there are about 400 copies left in eight countries, and the National Library in Beijing has only 160 copies.
Don't look at the huge system of "Yongle Dadian", Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty still didn't take it seriously. In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (AD 1773), the emperor ordered the establishment of the Siku Quanshu Library, appointed the sixth son of the emperor Yong Rong as the president, and Liang Guozhi, a scholar of Dongge University, as the vice president. That Internet celebrity He Shen also served as the president of the Siku Quanshu Library in the 45th year of Qianlong, when he was the chief academician of the cabinet. Another Internet celebrity Ji Xiaolan served as the editor-in-chief of "Siku Quanshu" from the beginning to the end, the president is the management post, and the editor-in-chief is the professional person in charge. In order to compile the "Siku Quanshu", Qianlong ordered the building of the library in the 39th year. The site was selected for the ruins of the Shengji Hall behind the Wenhua Hall, and a building was built here in 41 years, with the imperial title "Wenyuan Pavilion". These four libraries refer to the four parts of classics, history, sons and collections. The scriptures are not the ones taken back by Tang Seng, but Confucian classics, including "Book of Changes" and "Book of Songs". History is history books and general mirrors, including the Twenty-Four Histories. Zi refers to the articles of various schools of thought, which are very miscellaneous, including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing, divination and fortune-telling, piano and chess recipes, etc. Ji is a collection of anthologies, including poems, songs, fu and novels. The scriptures retrieved by Tang Seng are in this part.
Wenyuan Pavilion is a two-story building on a five-foot-high blue brick base. It looks like a second floor from the outside, but in fact there must be a hidden floor at the waist eaves, which means that there are actually three floors inside. It is five and a half rooms wide and two rooms deep, with bucket arches and beams. The upper floor is a black glazed tile with green trimming on the single-eave rest hilltop, and the downstairs is a single-eave hard hilltop front eaves corridor. The one under the veranda is not called a railing, but a Huizi lintel, and there is an upside-down lintel under the horizontal frame above. There is no bucket arch structure on the green glazed girdle above the waist eaves, and there are no flat railings outside the second floor above. The structure of this Wenyuan Pavilion is completely different from that of Tiren Pavilion and Hongyi Pavilion. It is more like a building than a pavilion. There is a hanging belt in front of the Ming Dynasty on the front, but there is no Danbi stone. This building is very special, it is five and a half rooms wide, the Ming room is not in the middle, and the extra half room on the west is the Jin room. In order to allow Qianlong to sit on the throne in the Ming room in the middle of the hall, a wall was added between the west end room and the end room, and the end room behind the wall was a staircase. Some people say that the Forbidden City has nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine and a half rooms, and that half room is the half room of Wenyuan Pavilion. But Wenyuan Pavilion is two rooms deep, so the two and a half rooms add up to one room. In fact, four pillars with a roof should be regarded as one room, and the half room is a legend. During the investigation of the Forbidden City in the 1970s, a total of 8,707 rooms were counted. The entire wooden structure of this Wenyuan Pavilion is painted green, and the horizontal beams are painted with Su-style xuanzi instead of Hexi. This building does not look like a palace building, more like a garden building. There is a pool in front of the building, surrounded by a circle of white marble railings, and a stone arch bridge in the center of the pool. According to the theory of round pond and square marsh, this pool should be called fish marsh.
Qianlong learned the name Wenyuan Pavilion from the Ming Dynasty. There was also a Wenyuan Pavilion in the Ming Palace, which was also used for collecting books. There are rumors from all walks of life that the Wenyuan Pavilion in Ming Dynasty is just a nickname or there is such a building. After archaeological experts dig deep in the area of Wenhua Hall, it is basically confirmed that Wenyuan Pavilion in Ming Dynasty is the building in the south of Wenhua Hall that is now the cabinet. . Wenyuan Pavilion in the Ming Dynasty was actually a library building, a two-story brick and stone structure similar to Huangshicheng at the Nanchizi intersection, with iron doors and windows, no wood, and fire could not attack. In fact, Wenyuan Pavilion in the Ming Dynasty was just a storehouse for books, not a real pavilion, which caused many people from all walks of life to have errors in writing and ink. Therefore, the name of the library building built by Qianlong as Wenyuan Pavilion is not fabricated, but it is actually based on the library of the Ming Dynasty. Qianlong built Wenyuan Pavilion, the royal library of the Ming Dynasty, into a real library.
In addition to building Wenyuan Pavilion here to store the "Siku Quanshu", Qianlong also built library buildings in many places, including Wenjin Pavilion in Chengde Mountain Resort, Wenyuan Pavilion in Yuanmingyuan and Wensu Pavilion in Shenyang Forbidden City, plus Wenyuan Pavilion It is called the North Four Pavilions. Library buildings were also built in the south, including Wenhui Pavilion in Yangzhou Palace, Wenzong Pavilion in Jinshan, Zhenjiang, and Wenlan Pavilion by the West Lake in Hangzhou, which are called the Three Pavilions in the South of the Yangtze River. This is the so-called Sikuqige in the Qing Dynasty, the seven library pavilions where the "Siku Quanshu" is stored. Among the names of these seven library pavilions, except for "Wen", there is a character with three dots of water, which Qianlong wanted to avoid fire. Don't tell me, Lao Gan's trick is quite effective, none of these book collection pavilions have ever been struck by lightning. Those who were burned were set on fire by hand by bad people, those bad people who were ignorant and ignorant.
These seven book collection pavilions are all imitated by Tianyi Pavilion, which was collected by the Fan family in Ningbo. In the eleventh year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (AD 1532), a Jinshi named Fan Qin came out of Ningbo. Fan Qinzhong's Jinshi must be because he loves to read. His family is rich, and unlike Kong Yiji who steals books, Fan Qin always buys books. When he bought too many books, he collected books, and Fan Qin built three big tile-roofed houses called Dongming Thatched Cottage. He was an official everywhere, so he continued to search for various books everywhere. This Fan Qin loves reading, but he doesn't like being an official. In the thirty-ninth year of Jiajing, he was promoted to the right servant of the Ministry of War when he served as the vice capital of Southern Jiangxi. He did not take up the post, but resigned from the official position and went home to tidy up his collection of books. arrived books. Two years ago, I went to Handan to visit the ancient city of Guangfu. In my travel notes, I mentioned the local chronicle "Guangping Fuzhi". "Guangping Fuzhi" was compiled by Qin Minyue, the magistrate of Guangping during the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty, and a supplementary edition was published during the Jiajing period. When Fan Qin resigned from office and returned to his hometown, he brought back this Jiajing version of "Guangping Fu Zhi", which is the earliest extant version of the local Fu Zhi. After Fan Qin returned to his hometown, because there were too many books in Dongming Caotang, he built another library called Tianyi Pavilion in his house, with a collection of more than 70,000 volumes. Fan Qin's descendants have always continued the family tradition of collecting books. Tianyi Pavilion is a private library, and it is in a private house, so it is not open to the public. Until the twelfth year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1673), Mr. Huang Zongxi (Nianxi) of Lishan, who proposed that "the world is the master and the guest", entered Tianyi Pavilion to read books. This was the first time that a person with a foreign surname entered Tianyi Pavilion. As a result, Tianyi Pavilion became famous and was known by Qianlong. Qianlong heard that Tian Yige had collected books for more than 100 years, so he expected that this building must be suitable for collecting books. He sent people to measure and map, and when he came back, he built four storehouses and seven pavilions everywhere. Tianyi Pavilion contributed six to seven hundred volumes to the "Siku Quanshu", and also allowed Ji Xiaolan to enter the pavilion to read books. In Yangzhou in the Qing Dynasty, there used to be a library of the Ma Brothers, called Xiaolinglong Mountain Library. Its scale is larger than Tianyi Pavilion, with a collection of more than 100,000 books, and more books donated to Qianlong's "Siku Quanshu" than Tianyi Pavilion. After the second horse, the Ma family was ruined, and the library was sold to Huang Zhiyun (Nian Yun), the boss of the neighbor's salt gang. Huang Zhiyun moved the library of the Xiaolinglong Mountain Library to his own house and made it a series of books. This building still exists now, it is the Congshu Building in Geyuan in Yangzhou. This is the story of the library.
Qianlong had his reasons for choosing the site of Shengji Temple to build Wenyuan Pavilion. First, because there is Wenhua Hall in front of it, which is very cultural; second, there is a river in front of the site of Shengji Temple. There is a pond in front of Tianyi Pavilion, and there is water in front of Wenyuan Pavilion. The fish marsh in front of Wenyuan Pavilion is part of the Neijinshui River. The Neijinshui River flows east from the Taihe Gate, exits the Xiehe Gate, turns north, then turns east at the west of Wenyuan Pavilion, flows in front of Wenyuan Pavilion, and finally goes south Turn into Tongzi River. I think this river should have flowed in front of Wenhua Gate, but Lao Gan changed its course to Wenyuan Pavilion.
Wenyuan Pavilion is decorated in cool colors, and the roof is made of black glazed tiles. Black represents the water in the five elements, and the water on the roof is suppressed, which means to prevent fire and disaster. On the east side of the cool-toned building of Wenyuan Pavilion, there is a warm-toned pavilion with red walls and golden tiles. Go and have a look.
This is a stele pavilion with bucket arches and beams, and solid walls are filled outside the columns. It is topped with a four-cornered helmet top and a bowl-covered ridge brake, which is very special. The houses in the imperial palace have various roofs, single eaves and double eaves, hipped halls and mountains, and hard mountains and suspended mountains. Each type of roof has more than one house, and even the uncommon hollow roofs are used by all wells and pavilions. This helmet crown alone is not only uncommon, but also the only one in the palace. On the stone tablet in the pavilion is engraved Qianlong's "Wenyuan Pavilion Ji", with many words.
Standing in front of the stele pavilion of Wenyuan Pavilion, look at the side gable of Wenyuan Pavilion. White brick seams can be seen. This kind of gray-faced white seam is called silk-faced wall, which is often used in garden buildings.
The cultural project "Siku Quanshu" was planned from the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, the first draft was completed in the forty-seventh year, and it was not completed until the fifty-seventh year. The entire construction period took 20 years. Qianlong was very proud of the compilation of "Siku Quanshu", which was much larger than "Yongle Dadian", and included nearly 80,000 volumes of Chinese cultural classics up to that time. Qianlong hired a large number of copyists to copy seven sets, which were stored in four libraries and seven pavilions. After the completion of the first set, it was hidden in this Wenyuan Pavilion. Qianlong not only made a piece of "Wenyuan Pavilion Ji", but also invited all participating editors and copying representatives to have a big meal in Wenyuan Pavilion. During the meal, a bowl of wontons was served to each of the Chaoshou, and the Sichuanese Chaoshou praised it for its extraordinary taste after returning to their hometown. Since then, Shu people have called wontons "Chaoshouer". This is a joke. When Hunan people make wontons, they put the wonton wrapper in the palm of their left hand, dip a chopstick in the stuffing bowl with meat stuffing in their right hand, wipe the chopsticks on the wonton wrapper in their left hand, hold the chopsticks in their right hand with their left hand, and grab Just pinch the two sides, and a wonton will be made. Because the wontons are made by copying hands, Hunan also calls wontons Chaoshou.
Although Qianlong's compilation of "Siku Quanshu" is all-encompassing, it also destroyed a lot of words he didn't like, and the banned books must not be here. Moreover, many texts have been tampered with, so the "Siku Quanshu" also has a dark side of compiling books and destroying history. In this regard, Ji Xiaolan is Qianlong's accomplice. Among the editions of Siku Qige, the Wenyuan Pavilion version is now in Taiwan; the original Wenjin Pavilion version is in the North Map, which contains additions in the early years of Jiaqing, and is the treasure of the current national map; the Wensu Pavilion version is in Gansu Province Figure; Wenlan Pavilion version in Zhejiang Province. All other versions were destroyed in the fire of war.
After seeing Wenyuan Pavilion, you have to come out from Wenhuamen the same way.
The emperors of the Manchu and Qing dynasties had many rituals, and they had to offer sacrifices to their ancestors in everything. When the Qing emperor held a Sutra feast in the Wenhua Hall, he first led the crowd from the corner gate to the Chuanxin Hall on the east side of the Wenhua Hall to salute their ancestors. This is called the sacrificial ceremony. The Chuanxin Hall is a courtyard to the east of the Wenhua Hall. Of course there must be several rooms in it, and the most powerful room is called the Chuanxin Hall. Chuanxin Hall is five rooms wide and three rooms deep, which is the same as Wenhua Hall, but the bay is much smaller. There are some tablets in it, all of which are role models of the emperor, called the emperor's teacher, the emperor's teacher and the king's teacher. There are three emperor teachers: Fuxi, Shennong and Xuanyuan; two emperor teachers: Yao and Shun; four king teachers: Dayu, Cheng Tang, King Wenwu of Zhou, and Zhou Gongdan, the younger brother of King Wu; The emperor's officiant is mainly to tell the ancestors: I will govern the country like you and be a wise king. These people behind me are the gentlemen I invited, and they preached your theory to me. If I do something wrong in the future, it will be taught by them, you must punish them, don't blame me. The meaning of "Chuanxin" in Chuanxin Temple comes from the "Shangshu" that "the human heart is only dangerous, but the Taoist heart is weak. There is only one essence, and the permission is in the middle." This is the sixteen-character heart biography of Shun Chuan in Yu's time.
There is a well in the courtyard of Chuanxin Hall, which is called "Da Pao Well". The water in Dapao Well is said to be very sweet, close to fine wine, so there is a saying in the palace that "Jade Spring is the first, and Da Pao is the second", which shows that the sweetness of its water is second only to Yuquan Mountain Water. The well pavilions in Dapao well are very special. All the well pavilions in the palace are basically yellow glazed tiles with four corners and pointed roofs. The east and west pavilions in the imperial garden are yellow glazed tiles with octagonal pointed roofs. The Dapaojing Pavilion is a yellow glazed tile shed hanging from the top of the mountain, with a skylight in the middle. There is another well pavilion of this style in the Forbidden City, which will be discussed later. Since Dapao well is so special, the royal family of the Ming and Qing Dynasties worshiped the god of the well here every October. Liu Yi was regarded as the god of the well by the people, and the original well was on the bank of Dongting Lake.
Chuanxindian is now the office space of the Palace Museum, and visitors are not allowed to approach it easily, for fear of frightening the staff to do business. You can only stand in the distance and take a look at the outer wall and courtyard gate.
(to be continued)
