Morality is the sum of codes of conduct in a certain society that regulates the relationship between people and the relationship between individuals and society. Moral education means that the society exerts a systematic influence on its members' moral consciousness, moral character, moral sentiment, moral behavior, moral realm and many other aspects, so that individual members in the society consciously abide by the code of moral conduct, and fulfill their obligations to the society and others. moral obligation. The Mongolian people have always attached great importance to the education of moral norms for their children. In the traditional concept of the Mongolian people, moral norms play a very important role. There are many maxims on this aspect in the Zhasa promulgated by Genghis Khan. For example: "All sons do not lead their fathers to teach, younger brothers do not lead their brothers to teach; husbands doubt their wives, wives disobey their husbands, men abuse hired women, women despise men who are already married; elders do not restrain young, young Not subject to the constraints of the elders; high-ranking officials, close credit, abandoning Liu Ti; wealthy families, not anxious for public affairs but stingy with money; if they are people, they will definitely become bandits and rebels. The family will lose, and the country will perish. If you face the enemy, you will suffer. I will strictly warn you to prevent this evil." The Mongols have raised moral education to the level that is related to the stability and safety of the country. Now let's introduce the content and methods of Mongolian moral education.
1. The content of Mongolian moral education
(1) Education of honoring parents, respecting elders, and being polite
The Mongolian people regard the parents who gave birth to me and raised me as more precious than their own lives. They will never forget the kindness of their parents. The older their parents are, the more filial their children are. Happiness as a very important thing. Such behavior and national psychology of the Mongolian people in turn influence and nurture their children. Since ancient times, the Mongolian people have attached great importance to the education of their children to honor their parents, and in ancient times, the Mongolian people also used laws and regulations to supervise them. "The Mongolian people show the greatest filial piety to their parents. If children are disrespectful to their parents, or if necessary, do not take the responsibility of supporting them, then there will be a government office with special responsibilities to strictly punish this crime of unfilial piety."
[1] Genghis Khan said: "Parents have tried their best to support their children, so children must honor their parents."
In daily life, the Mongolian people attach great importance to respecting their elders and paying attention to etiquette education for their children. In fact, the Mongolian education of respecting elders and paying attention to etiquette is basically reflected in the daily family life of the Mongolian people. For example, when eating, the younger generation must not be seated before the parents and elders. Moreover, the first seat belongs to the parents and elders, and children are not eligible to take the first seat. In addition, the children offer the first bowl of food to their parents and elders with both hands, and the children can start eating only after the parents and elders move the chopsticks.
[2] In the Mongolian proverb: "Respect people of virtue, respect and love old people, praise people who think wisely, and avoid insidious people." If the elders don't ask, the younger ones don't ask first". "Yuan Shi" records that Genghis Khan admired Chahan very much because he was polite to his elders, "Take off your hat and put your staff on the end, kneel down and sing and dance." The elders and elders of the village. It is taboo for the Mongolian people to say the names of the elders. When they meet the elders on the road, they will get off their horses and say hello and give way.
[3] The Mongolian people are famous for being civilized and polite, and Mongolian parents and elders educate their children with this character, which has been passed down from generation to generation, so it has been recorded in the history of the Mongolian people from generation to generation. Mongolians educate their children to be neat and tidy, to speak kindly, not to touch other people’s things casually, not to ride other people’s horses casually; not to spit or shake their noses at others, to treat guests politely, and to remember their appearance , dress, color of the horse, style of saddlery. If you come to ask someone you don't know, you should answer: "I'm young, I don't know." Or let him ask an adult, get off the horse first when you see an elder, give way early when you see an official, and don't follow the official when hunting. Riding through the front, don't scold other people's parents when there is a quarrel.
[4] Genghis Khan talked more specifically about how to be polite. Genghis Khan said: "When young people talk to the elders, they must let the elders speak first, and then they can answer questions, let alone speak first, and be polite."
[5] Therefore, the Mongolian people regard the usual politeness as the standard to measure whether a person is a talent.
(2) Education about thrift and anti-waste
Advocating thrift and opposing waste is the traditional virtue of the Mongolian people. Mongolian education of thrift and thrift is also reflected in Mongolian daily family life. As far as eating hand-cooked meat is concerned, the Mongolians scrape the meaty bones with a knife, eat them clean, and then suck up the bone marrow. Similarly, the Mongolians never throw rice grains when they eat rice, and put the meat in the bowl. The rice is eaten clean without leaving a grain of rice. The Mongolian people describe those who eat and throw rice grains as people who are not even as good as dogs. In addition to the common people of the Mongolian nationality, the national spirit of diligence and thrift is also vividly expressed in the mother of the ancient Mongolian and Yuan emperors. They not only abide by the laws and regulations of the country, but also are frugal in their daily life, strictly demanding themselves, and influencing their children with their frugal life style. According to historical records, Queen Chabi, the wife of Emperor Shizu Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, was extremely frugal in life and seldom wasted. Under her initiative, the noble ladies in the palace collected used bowstrings and spun silk for weaving. , she also recycles worn-out furs to make rugs. [6] Empress Boyan Hudu was also very frugal at ordinary times, she was not jealous, and used etiquette to restrain herself. People found that the clothes left by her after her death were all in tatters. From this we can see that the traditional Mongolians have the virtues of thrift and thrift from the golden family to the common people.
(3) Moral education of honesty and trustworthiness
In terms of moral education, the Mongolian people attach great importance to honesty and integrity education. In Genghis Khan's moral education, loyalty comes first. In his opinion, it is a matter of course for subjects to be loyal to the monarch, and no one can violate this basic standard. Therefore, he admired those loyal people who disregarded everything and shared the same fate with the master, and severely punished those unrighteous people who betrayed and betrayed the master for their own benefit. He believes: "After the fall of the Naiman kingdom, Tata Tonga, who was loyal to his duty and wanted to return the jade seal to the old master, was a loyal person." [7] Genghis Khan's good words and good deeds had a profound impact on the Mongolian cultivation of honest and trustworthy people. The vast number of Mongolian people. The only criterion for Genghis Khan's employment is "integrity", and those who do not conceal the truth and speak the truth will be reused. Honesty is an indispensable and important part of Genghis Khan's moral education. Honesty among people is an important criterion for regulating people's words and deeds. Therefore, in the eyes of Mongolians, what is false is false, and what is true is true. "As long as you stick to the truth, Lele cars can catch up with rabbits" is the basic principle of Mongolian education for children. [8]
(4) Education of solidarity and mutual assistance
Since ancient times, the Mongolian people have attached great importance to unity and mutual assistance. The Mongolians believe: "Unity and close cooperation are the guarantee for overcoming difficulties. Believed in slander and suspicion of each other is a symbol of failure and perdition." The Mongolian people regard the deeds and legacy of their ancestors as a model of family governance. Therefore, the traditional Mongolian people educate their children on solidarity and mutual assistance. The story of Alan Gaowa breaking arrows to educate his children is a typical example: Alan Gaowa called his five sons over, first let the five sons each break an arrow, and the five sons broke off without any effort, and then Alan Gaowa Wa tied five arrows together and asked her five sons to break them. At this time, the five sons tried a lot but failed to break them. So Alan Gaowa used the bundled arrows to warn the five sons that they must unite and help each other. This story is still being circulated among the Mongolians, and it has become a traditional historical story of the Mongolians educating their children to unite and help each other. All tribes of the ancient Mongolian nationality attached great importance to educating their children with the origin of the nation and the glorious achievements of their ancestors, so as to enhance the cohesion of the tribe and the family.
Rasht said in "Historical Collection": "They all have a habit of remembering the origin of their ancestors; they explain to each newborn child which ethnic group they are, just like other ethnic groups say that we are said to be a certain ethnic group. The habit of a clan. For this reason, they all know their tribe and its origin. Other tribes except the Mongols do not have such a habit.” Rasht also pointed out that “the Mongols have remembered the origin of their nation since ancient times. and clan habits. Because they are different from other tribes, they have no religion and beliefs that can be used to discipline their children, so parents tell each newborn child about the situation of their ancestors and clan.” [9] It can be seen from this aspect The traditional Mongolian people regard the traditional virtue of solidarity and mutual assistance as one of the important contents of educating their children. At that time, every Mongolian family educated their children on solidarity and mutual assistance, and people in the entire Mongolian society demanded solidarity and mutual assistance. The idea of solidarity and mutual assistance was admired by the world as a characteristic of the Mongolian nation at that time. Due to the Mongolian education of solidarity and mutual assistance, the ancient Mongolian society formed its own unique moral trend of solidarity and mutual assistance, which played an important role in the formation of the good moral character of Mongolian children.
(5) Education of harmonious coexistence between man and nature
During the long-term nomadic production and life, the Mongolian people have formed the concept of respecting the laws of nature, protecting nature and living in harmony with nature. The Mongolian people believe that the earth is the food and clothing of the Mongolian people, and it gives the Mongolian people the material conditions for their vitality. Therefore, the Mongolian people respect and protect nature like their own parents. The Mongolians treat nature harmoniously. The Mongolians know very well that only by understanding nature and conforming to the laws of nature can they have the opportunity to survive in the harsh nature. On the vast and boundless prairie. The Mongolian people are nomadic people who live by water and grass. The production and life of the Mongolian people completely depend on the green barrier of nature. Therefore, the Mongolian people have instilled in their children the education of protecting the natural environment and living in harmony with nature. "The prairie is the place of production and labor of the Mongolian people, and it is also the mother of food and clothing for the Mongolian people, so there is no reason to destroy nature. Destroying nature is like cutting one's own neck." This is the summary of the Mongolian people's long-term production and life practice. out of experience. Take burning fires for warmth. Mongolians burn cow dung, sheep dung and horse dung instead of cutting down forests. The advantage of burning cow dung, sheep dung and horse dung is that it can purify the grassland and maintain a virtuous cycle of the grassland ecological environment. In the process of nomadic production and life, the Mongolian people often carry out inverted grazing and rotational grazing, which is what people often call living by water and grass.
The superiority of inverted grazing and rotational grazing is to provide a good opportunity for the grassland to recuperate and restore vegetation, and also to prevent the degradation and desertification of the grassland. In addition to protecting aquatic plants, Mongolians also pay attention to protecting wild animals. According to reports, Genghis Khan paid more attention to hunting, but he especially opposed those indiscriminate hunting. Therefore, according to Mongolian customary law, Genghis Khan strictly limited the hunting time to winter, and prohibited hunting at other times. Because of this, in the era of Kublai Khan, there were prohibitions such as "the land is forbidden, and there is a time to take it", and "it is the time of pregnant lamb, do not arrest when it is conceived". [10] This kind of understanding and behavior is that the elders influence and educate the younger generations in the process of daily production and life, and also remind them to protect the natural environment in which they live at all times. These cognitions and behaviors reflect the Mongolian ideology of living in harmony with nature to a certain extent. The Mongolian traditional environmental protection awareness is the product of the Mongolian geography, environment and unique production and life. , has played an active role in the protection of grasslands and the harmonious development of man and nature.
