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Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., and the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Since 1854, the city has been coextensive with Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and urban core of the Delaware Valley, the nation's seventh-largest and one of world's largest metropolitan regions with 6.245 million residents in 2020. The city's population at the 2020 census was 1,603,797, and over 56 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of Philadelphia.

Philadelphia was founded in 1682 by William Penn, an English Quaker. The city served as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony during the British colonial era and went on to play a historic and vital role as the central meeting place for the nation's founding fathers whose plans and actions in Philadelphia ultimately inspired the American Revolution and the nation's independence. Philadelphia hosted the First Continental Congress in 1774 following the Boston Tea Party, preserved the Liberty Bell, and hosted the Second Continental Congress during which the founders signed the Declaration of Independence, which historian Joseph Ellis has described as "the most potent and consequential words in American history". Once the Revolutionary War commenced, both the Battle of Germantown and the Siege of Fort Mifflin were fought within Philadelphia's city limits. The U.S. Constitution was later ratified in Philadelphia at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until 1790, when it was surpassed by New York City, and served as the nation's first capital from May 10, 1775, until December 12, 1776, and on four subsequent occasions during and following the American Revolution, including from 1790 to 1800 while the new national capital of Washington, D.C., was under construction.

With 18 four-year universities and colleges, Philadelphia is one of the nation's leading centers for higher education and academic research. As of 2021[update], the Philadelphia metropolitan area was the state's largest and nation's ninth-largest metropolitan economy with a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of US$479 billion. The city is home to five Fortune 500 corporate headquarters as of 2022. The Philadelphia skyline, which includes several globally renowned commercial skyscrapers, is expanding, primarily with new residential high-rise condominiums. Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley are a biotechnology and venture capital hub; and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, owned by NASDAQ, is the nation's oldest stock exchange and a global leader in options trading. 30th Street Station, the city's primary rail station, is the third-busiest Amtrak hub in the nation, and the city's multimodal transport and logistics infrastructure, including Philadelphia International Airport, the PhilaPort seaport, freight rail infrastructure, roadway traffic capacity, and warehouse storage space, are all expanding.

Qinghai Province, referred to as "Qing", is the provincial administrative region of the people's Republic of China and the capital of Xining. Located in the inland of northwest China, Qinghai is bounded by 31 °36 degrees north latitude, 39 °19 degrees north latitude, 89 °35 degrees east longitude, 103 °04 degrees east longitude, Gansu in the north and east, Xinjiang in the northwest, Tibet in the south and southwest, and Sichuan in the southeast. The overall topography of Qinghai Province is high in the west and low in the east, high in the north and south, low in the middle, high and steep in the west, tilting to the east, showing a ladder-shaped decline, and the eastern region is a transitional zone from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Loess Plateau, with complex topography and diverse landforms. The landforms of Qinghai Province are complex and diverse. More than 4/5 of the areas are plateaus, mountainous in the east and plateaus and basins in the west, with three landforms of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, inland arid basins and the Loess Plateau.
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