A mesa is an isolated, flat-topped elevation, ridge or hill, which is bounded from all sides by steep escarpments and stands distinctly above a surrounding plain. Mesas characteristically consist of flat-lying soft sedimentary rocks capped by a more resistant layer or layers of harder rock, e.g. shales overlain by sandstones. The resistant layer acts as a caprock that forms the flat summit of a mesa. The caprock can consist of either sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone; dissected lava flows; or a deeply eroded duricrust. Unlike plateau, whose usage does not imply horizontal layers of bedrock, e.g. Tibetan Plateau, the term mesa applies exclusively to the landforms built of flat-lying strata. Instead, flat-topped plateaus are specifically known as tablelands.
Ningyang County, which belongs to Taian City, Shandong Province, is located in the west of central Shandong Province and in the south of Taian City, between longitude 116o36'- 117o38' east and latitude 35 °40mm / m 35 °37', with a total area of 1125 square kilometers. Ningyang County has a long history. In the Western Han Dynasty, Gaozu of the Han Dynasty bought the county to the south of Ningshan (now south of Fushan Village). Because the south of the mountain is Yang, it is named Ningyang. The territory is high in the east and low in the west, with low mountains and hills in the east and plains in the west. The main geomorphological types in Ningyang County are low mountains, hills, plains and water surfaces. Ningyang County is a warm temperate humid seasonal climate zone with four distinct seasons. In 2018, Ningyang County had jurisdiction over 2 streets, 10 towns and 1 township, with a resident population of 773800, achieving a GDP of 44.36 billion yuan, of which