A mesa is an isolated, flat-topped elevation, ridge or hill, which is bounded from all sides by steep escarpments and stands distinctly above a surrounding plain. Mesas characteristically consist of flat-lying soft sedimentary rocks capped by a more resistant layer or layers of harder rock, e.g. shales overlain by sandstones. The resistant layer acts as a caprock that forms the flat summit of a mesa. The caprock can consist of either sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone; dissected lava flows; or a deeply eroded duricrust. Unlike plateau, whose usage does not imply horizontal layers of bedrock, e.g. Tibetan Plateau, the term mesa applies exclusively to the landforms built of flat-lying strata. Instead, flat-topped plateaus are specifically known as tablelands.
Xiangfu District is the municipal district of Kaifeng City, Henan Province, bordering Lankao County and Qi County in the east, Yuwangtai District in Kaifeng City in the west, Weishi County and Tongxu County in the south, and the Yellow River in the north. As of 2013, Xiangfu District has a total area of 1291 square kilometers, cultivated land area of 1.2 million mu, jurisdiction over 15 townships, 1 provincial industrial agglomeration area, 336 administrative villages, with a total population of 760000. In 2015, the GDP of Xiangfu District reached 21.6 billion yuan, an increase of 9.7% over 2014. Xiangfu District has a history of more than 2,000 years since Qinzhi County. Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu three years (1010) was named Xiangfu County. On October 19, 2014, the original Kaifeng County officially changed its name to Xiangfu District, and the District people's Government was stationed at 18 East Street, Chengguan Town. Xiangfu District has the history of Henan Province.